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Great Powers in Iran

Great Powers in Iran. 1890 - 1977. Tobacco Rebellion. 1890: Tobacco concession to British Shiraz protests, 1891 Led by Hajj Shirazi (cleric) and Seyyed Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani” 1892 : concession cancelled Aftermath : Russia gained, UK lost influence Russian loans

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Great Powers in Iran

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  1. Great Powers in Iran 1890 - 1977

  2. Tobacco Rebellion • 1890: Tobacco concession to British • Shiraz protests, 1891 • Led by Hajj Shirazi (cleric) and Seyyed Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani” • 1892: concession cancelled • Aftermath: Russia gained, UK lost influence • Russian loans • 1900-1902: Qajar minister Amin as-Soltan meets with Russians to procure loans

  3. Constitutional Revolution • Russian defeat in Ruso-Japanese War 1905 • Russians unable to lend money to Qajars • A constitution (mashruteh) and a parliament (Majlis) • New shah, Mohammad al Shah, 1907

  4. Anglo-Russian Entente • Signed in 1907 without involving Iran in negotiations • Dividing Iran up into three pieces

  5. Anglo-Russian Entente, 1907

  6. D’Arcy Concession • British granted oil concession, 1901 • Discovery of oil at Masjed Suleiman, 1908 • Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC)

  7. Masjed Suleiman

  8. William Knox D’Arcy

  9. World War I • German role: Wassmuss the “German Lawrence” • British “secret” deals with Russia • Sir Percy Sykes and the South Persia Rifles, 1916-1917 • End of the War, 1919 Anglo-Persian Treaty

  10. Iran’s “Roaring” Twenties • Soviet influence • Kuchek Khan and the Bolsheviks • A Persian Soviet Socialist Republic? • Enter the USA, 1920 • Qajars need a new loan • Standard Oil in the North

  11. Reza Khan • British-supported (General Ironside) rise of Reza Khan in the Cossack Brigades • Reform: Seyyed Zia and Reza Khan annul the Anglo-Persian Treaty • 26 Feb 1921: the Russo-Iranian Treaty • US and UK response • Millspaugh Mission

  12. Pahlavi Iran • 1925: Reza Khan formally becomes Shah • Qajars ousted • “Modernization from above” • APOC concession annulled 1932 • UK pressure for a new contract • 1933 new concession

  13. World War II • Sour relations with British over APOC • An alliance with Germany? • 1941 British-Soviet Invasion • Reza Shah abdicates • 1942 Tripartite Treaty • Second Millspaugh Mission • 1944 Majlis outlaws foreign oil concessions

  14. Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran

  15. “The Persian Corridor”

  16. Post-WWII • First crisis of Cold War • Soviet troops remain in Azerbaijan Province • The end of Soviet influence • Truman pressures the Soviets • Ahmad Qavam’s empty promise • 1946 Soviet agreement • Soviets leave Iran in May 1946

  17. Mossadeq & Nationalization • The National Front • Gen. Ali Razmara becomes Prime Minister • Assassinated 17 Mar 1951 • Majlis votes Mossadeq as new PM • 29 Apr 1951 • Nationalization of AIOC • Worldwide boycott of Iran

  18. After the Nationalization • Shah replaces Mossadeq with Qavam • Mossadeq returns • Declares “state of emergency”

  19. Mossadeq returns

  20. After the Nationalization • Shah replaces Mossadeq with Qavam • Mossadeq returns • Declares “state of emergency” • Operation AJAX • 28 Mordad / August 19, 1953 • Mohammad Reza Shah regains power

  21. Mohammad Reza Shah • Ending the Oil Crisis • 1954 Oil Consortium • Reforms and modernization • Creation of security forces: SAVAK • The White Revolution • Khomeini: “White Revolution is a serious threat to Islam” • Exiled 1964

  22. “Policeman of the Gulf” • Image of a “strongman” • Nixon Doctrine and the “Twin Pillars” • “Unlimited” quantities of nonnuclear weapons • IBEX and the surveillance of the Soviet Union • Fighting communism in the Persian Gulf • The Shah’s OPEC speech • OPEC as a price-setter • 1974 Petroleum Law

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