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Industrialization & Nationalism

Industrialization & Nationalism. 1800-1870. Factors of Production. People. James Watts Stevenson Eli Whitney Henry Ford Karl Marx. Proletariat Bourgeoisie Class struggle Marxism Great Famine. Essential Questions. Trace patterns of industrialism in the world.

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Industrialization & Nationalism

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  1. Industrialization & Nationalism 1800-1870

  2. Factors of Production

  3. People • James Watts • Stevenson • Eli Whitney • Henry Ford • Karl Marx • Proletariat • Bourgeoisie • Class struggle • Marxism • Great Famine

  4. Essential Questions • Trace patterns of industrialism in the world. • Analyze how new innovations made industrialism more successful. • Contrast the circumstances of labor [workers] before and after the Industrial Revolution. • Discuss the emergence of industrial capitalism and its implications. • Discuss the impact of industrialism on society.

  5. Cottage Industry / Factory System • Cottage Industry • Piecework • Earnings directly tied to how much produced. • Made in home • Family enterprise • Whole families helped • Factory System • Centralized work place> outside home • Paid by how much time you worked • Women & children paid less $ than men • Machines set pace • Direct control of workforce • Limited breaks to maximize production

  6. Cottage Industry

  7. Factory System

  8. Patterns of Industrialization • Great Britain • First emerged there • Favorable conditions & demand for textiles • Mechanization of Industry • Kay [1733]> flying shuttle • increased production 100 X previous production • Crompton’s mule [1779]> new spinning machine • Cartwright’s [1785]> power loom

  9. Industrial Innovation • Britain source of many innovations • James Watt’s [1765]> steam engine • Iron & Steel • Use of coke to fuel furnaces • Bessemer Process > cheap steel making • Transportation • Railroads & steam ships lowered costs • Stevenson [1815] • Steam powered locomotive

  10. New Social Classes Emerge Owner class Wealthy entrepreneurs & investors Well educated High standard of living Working class Labor force of poor / immigrants No education b/c child labor Exploited for their labor

  11. Industrial Capitalism • Eli Whitney • Machine tools • Standardized interchangeable parts • Henry Ford • Assembly line production of automobile • Lowered costs • Paid workers more [$5 a day] • Workers could afford cars [$200]

  12. Industrial Capitalism • Big Businesses / corporations • Were promoted b/c • High cost of factories • Capital investment • British & French • Laid legal groundwork for modern corporations

  13. Industrial Capitalism • MONOPOLIES • Direct domination of any industry • CAPITALISTS Either formed: • Trusts • Many businesses run as one • Cartels • Groups that set production & price • O.P.E.C.

  14. Spread of Industrialism • Napoleonic Wars abolished guilds & trade barriers • Facilitated industrialization in W. Europe • Belgium, Germany, & France • Industrialized by 1900

  15. Social Impact of Industrialism • Population growth • Better diets & improved sanitation • Urbanization • Internal migration • rural to urban • Demographic transition • Relative stability • Voluntary birth control low fertility rate

  16. Urbanization & Migration • Urbanization • Internal migration • From farms to factories • Growth in number & size of cities • TRANSCONTINENTAL • External migration • Mostly Europe to America • 50M from early 19th to early 20th Cent.

  17. Social Impact of Industrialization • New Social Classes • Captains of Industry • extreme wealth • Middle class • largest beneficiary • Working class • poorly paid, unskilled

  18. Social Implications • INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES: • Families lead separate lives • Men gain stature • Workers resisted work discipline • Working women [only lower class] • Child labor common because of low wages to family & child

  19. Casualties: 148 http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/

  20. Great Famine • Ireland • A direct colony of Britain • Oppressed among Western nations • Dispossessed of their land and vote • Tenants in their own land • Potatoes • Crop failure lead to famine • Britain exported food during the famine • 1M died / 2M emigrate

  21. Resistance to Industrial Domination • KARL MARX • Intense competition lead to exploitation • Political & social institutions served only the interests of the capitalists • Promoted “class struggle” • Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat • Business owners / workers • Did not believe capitalism could reform itself

  22. Nationalism Part 2

  23. Essential Questions • What influence did the Crimean War have on European nationalism? • How did the Principles of Legitimacy and of Intervention impact European relationships? • Compare the unification of Italy and the unification of Germany. • Identify the reform movements of the era.

  24. People & Concepts • Crimean War • Florence Nightingale • Metternich • Otto Von Bismarck • Cavour & Girabaldi • Czar Alexander II • British North America Act • Queen Victoria • Nationalism • Congress of Vienna • Principle of Intervention • Principle of Legitimacy • Emancipation of Serfs • Ausgleich • Documents of Liberalism • Realpolitik

  25. Nationalism • Nationalism • IDEOLOGY OF A NATION STATE • Emerged after the French Revolution • Revolutions in Central Europe • Based on universal male suffrage • Austrian Empire • Multinational state • Fragmentation of interests of its people

  26. Impact of Crimean War • CRIMEAN WAR • Direct impetus for new alliances in Europe • Russia & Austria now enemies • Promoted a new rise of nationalism in the Balkans • Spread throughout Europe

  27. Crimean War 1853-1856

  28. Crimean War Florence Nightingale

  29. Congress of Vienna • PEACE SETTLEMENT AFTER NAPOLEONIC WARS • Metternich • [Austrian foreign minister] • Conservative ideologist • PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY • Great Powers • PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION • Right to send armies to intervene with revolutions

  30. Opposition to Conservatism • Liberalism & nationalism • Powerful forces for change • Liberalism • Enlightenment was the source • Supported • Civil liberties, free speech, press, religion • Separation of church & state • Were not democrats • Only equality and power to white men of property

  31. Documents of Liberalism • American Declaration of Independence • Equality Popular Sovereignty • Life – liberty – pursuit of happiness • Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen • Liberty– equality - fraternity

  32. Map Austria-Hungarian Empire

  33. National Unification Movements • ITALY [1860] • Mazzini’s Young Italy spurred uprisings • Cavour • Expelled Austria from northern Italy • Garibaldi • Consolidated south • Vittore Emmanuele • GERMANY[1871] • Otto Von Bismarck • Prime Minister • Provoked wars to swell German pride • Prussian • Self-proclaimed • Emperor of 2nd Reich

  34. Giuseppe Garibaldi

  35. Unification of Germany • Bismarck • Unified by force • Autocratic rule • Militarism • Power base • Realpolitik • Practical politics not based in ideology

  36. Franco-Prussian War [1870]

  37. Reforms • France • King Louis Napoleon • Created empire • Very successful until war with Prussia • France returned to republic Napoleon III (r.1852-1870

  38. Reform Austria Ausgleich 1867 Split into two: Austria-Hungarian Empire Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)

  39. Reform • Russia • Czar Alexander II • Emancipation of serfs • Opposition of conservatives & demands of liberals forced his return to repressive rule

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