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KCP Lecture 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

KCP Lecture 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Prof.dr. Jaap Murre University of Maastricht University of Amsterdam jaap@murre.com http://www.neuromod.org. Overview. What is cognitive science? Brief introduction to neuroanatomy Methods in cognitive neuroscience

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KCP Lecture 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

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  1. KCP Lecture 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology Prof.dr. Jaap Murre University of Maastricht University of Amsterdam jaap@murre.com http://www.neuromod.org

  2. Overview • What is cognitive science? • Brief introduction to neuroanatomy • Methods in cognitive neuroscience • Example: Brain reading

  3. What is Cognitive Science? • Part of artificial intelligence that is concerned with human cognition • Nowadays (since 1990s) also includes: cognitive neuroscience

  4. Computational neuroscience Experimental psychology Neuropsychology Cognitive architectures and frameworks Neural networks Linguistics and psycholinguistics Computer linguistics Phonetics Philosophy Logic Machine learning Research fields

  5. Intelligent systems Robotics Natural language interfaces Automatic speech perception and synthesis Pattern recognition Data mining Ergonomics User interfaces and usability Behavioral finance Graphics, sound, and virtual reality Fields of application

  6. Very brief review of neuroanatomy Localization in the brain Names, structures, etc.

  7. Cognition and the Brain

  8. Neuroanatomical location • Medial versus lateral • Dorsal versus ventral • Rostral versus caudal

  9. Brain cuts: coronal, horizontal, or sagittal

  10. Coronal cuts

  11. Sagittal cuts

  12. Bumps and cracks • Gyri are bumps • Sulci are small cracks • Fissures are large cracks

  13. Frontal cortex • Relatively largest in humans • Subdivisions

  14. Medial view • Hippocampal system (important in memory)

  15. Structural methods • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Computed tomography (CT) • Angiogram (blood vessel X-ray) • (Postmortem) dissection • (Postmortem) microscopy • (Postmortem) staining, including retrograde tracers

  16. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

  17. MRI Example

  18. Models: and intermediary between theory and experiment • Make hidden assumptions explicit • Provide a focus for data abstraction and discussion • Integrate assumptions and highlight inconsistencies • Enable generation of very detailed experimental hypotheses

  19. Riesenhuber & Poggio (2002)

  20. Functional methods • Single-cell and multi-cell recording • Electrical stimulation • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) • Electro-encephalogram (EEG) • Magnetic encephalogram (MEG) • functional MRI (fMRI) • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Lesion studies

  21. Freedman et al. (2001) • Many single cell recordings in monkey • Trying to find categories in the brain

  22. Cells predict the correct category

  23. Haxby et al. (2001)Categories in the human brain

  24. Distributed respresentations

  25. Voxels that respond to faces, also respond to houses and other categories

  26. Temporal and spatial resolution

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