Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 THE BRITISH IN NORTH AMERICA “What kind of society did the British colonists create in North America?”

2. The Company by the BayDefinitions • Factories – Hudson’s Bay Company’s trading posts. • Factor – the trader in charge of a Hudson’s Bay Company’s trading post. • Rupert’s Land – A vast territory named after Prince Rupert, the first head of the Hudson’s Bay Company, consisting of most of what is now Western and Northern Canada.

3. Monopolies • NOT Discuss with the person beside you: • What is a monopoly? Think back to Chapter 2 Definitions

4. A Modern Day Monopoly • What would happen if there were only one company selling pizza in Fort McMurray?

5. A Modern Day Monopoly • What would happen if there were only one company selling pizza in Fort McMurray? • How would things change if there were several companies selling pizza?

6. A Modern Day Monopoly • What would happen if there were only one company selling pizza in Fort McMurray? • How would things change if there were several companies selling pizza? • What might happen if one pizza company raised the price of pizza more than all the other companies? What if one company lowered the prices?

7. A Modern Day Monopoly • What would happen if there were only one company selling pizza in Fort McMurray? • How would things change if there were several companies selling pizza? • What might happen if one pizza company raised the price of pizza more than all the other companies? What if one company lowered the prices? • What would happen if all pizza companies decided to raise their prices?

8. The Company By the Bay • Beaver furs were in demand throughout Europe. • As a result, the Imperial countries competed for furs in North America.

9. The Europeans Explore Hudson’s Bay • Pierre Radisson and the Sieur des Groseilliers, two well known French Coureurs de Bois, wanted to travel to the “vast sea to the North” they had heard about from the First Nations. • The French government did not want to pay for this trip, so they went to Britain. A group of merchants were willing to pay for their trip.

10. The Europeans Explore Hudson’s Bay • In 1668, two ships left London – one carrying Radisson and a crew and the other carrying des Groseilliers and a crew. • A huge storm forced the first ship to turn back carrying Radisson, but the other kept going.

11. The Europeans Explore Hudson’s Bay What do you think happened to this second ship and the people on board? • They were forced to turn back because of the storm. • They reached the land they were searching for. • They disappeared – it’s a mystery • They never found the land they were searching for.

12. The Europeans Explore Hudson’s Bay • The second ship with des Groseilliers reached the body of water they had been searching for. • They dropped anchor and built a small fort. • During the winter they traded. • They returned in the summer with a ship full of furs.

13. The blue route was used first by the French, then by the North West Company. It was not as fast or as easy as the routes that went to Hudson Bay in the north. Those routes required much less portaging www.canadiana.org

14. The Hudson’s Bay Company • In 1670, King Charles II of England granted a monopoly to the Hudson’s Bay Company.

15. The Hudson’s Bay Company • The monopoly covered all the lands drained by the rivers that flowed into the Hudson Bay. • The British called this area Rupert’s Land after the head of the company, Prince Rupert.

16. The Hudson’s Bay Company • The Hudson’s Bay Company was not interested in building a colony. • They were merchants who were only interested in the fur trade. • They built trading posts at the mouths of important rivers. • First Nations brought furs to these trading posts (factories).

17. The Hudson’s Bay Company THEN Photograph of Hudson's Bay Company Fort at Portage La Prairie

18. The Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Shepherd in 1860 or 1861 Image credit: National Archives of Canada (neg. no. C36196).

20. 1942

21. THE HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY IN RAT PORTAGE

22. Bales of fur piles outside the Rat Portage post, 1881.

24. The Hudson’s Bay Company NOW Does the HBC still exist today?

25. The Hudson’s Bay Company NOW

26. HBC THEN vs. NOW • Founded in 1670, HBC is the oldest company in Canada. • It sells billions of dollars worth of goods each year. Does the Hudson’s Bay Company still have a monopoly today?

27. Kind Of

28. Conflict in the Colonies • Britain and France fought many wars against each other in Europe. The conflicts affected their colonies in North America. • The French decided they couldn’t just stand by while the British grabbed all the furs in Rupert’s Land.

29. Conflict on the Bay • In 1686, Pierre de Troyes led an attack on the British forts along the bay. If you were de Troyes, how would you plan your attack? Map on pg 65

30. Conflict on the Bay • In 1686, Pierre de Troyes led an attack on the British forts along the bay. If you were de Troyes, how would you plan your attack? Map on pg 65

31. Conflict on the Bay • The French surprised the British by travelling from the interior by canoe, instead of arriving in the bay by ship. • The British were caught off guard and the French captured three forts easily. • The British didn’t even have time to load their cannons. • The French victory was not complete. They still needed to capture York factory.

32. Conflict on the Bay • Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville, led French troops in several attempts to capture York Factory. • In 1697, he finally succeeded. • The French were now in control of these lands on the Hudson's Bay.

33. Events in Europe Affect the Colonies • In 1713, Britain and France signed the Treaty of Utrecht to create peace in Europe. • The agreement allowed the French to keep control of Ile Royale (Cape Breton), while the British received Acadia (which they renamed Nova Scotia). • The battles over the fur-trading posts were part of a larger conflict between Britain and France for control over North America. • The war between these two empires would last another 50 years.

34. Events in Europe Affect the Colonies • The British created the settlement of Halifax as a base for British troops and naval ships. • The houses and buildings spread out along the waterfront at the base of the hill. At the top of the hill, the British built a military fort.

35. The Mi’kmaq Perspective • The Mi’kmaq people who lived in NS were concerned about the British newcomers. • The site where they built Halifax was one of the Mi’kmaw peoples preferred coastal sites. • The French urged the Mi’kmaq to make life difficult for the British. • In response, the governor of the British colony issued orders to “annoy, distress, take or destroy Mi’kmaq people wherever they are found.”

36. The Mi’kmaq Perspective • With these hostile relations, the British decided it was not a good time to build farms outside Halifax. • Besides, the Acadians already occupied most of the good farmland. • This situation increased the tensions between the British and the French in North America.

37. Questions The Company by the Bay (pg 64-66) 4. Describe Radisson and des Groseilliers’ expeditions to Hudson Bay. How were they successful? (3 pts) 5. Describe Pierre de Troyes’ attack on the British forts along the bay. (2 pts)