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Introducing Lisp The dominant programming language for experimental AI systems

Introducing Lisp The dominant programming language for experimental AI systems. Lisp strengths: Interactive Supports symbolic computation Programs and data share a common representation Automatic management of memory Simple syntax Multiparadigm (functional, imperative, object-oriented)

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Introducing Lisp The dominant programming language for experimental AI systems

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  1. Introducing Lisp The dominant programming language for experimental AI systems • Lisp strengths: • Interactive • Supports symbolic computation • Programs and data share a common representation • Automatic management of memory • Simple syntax • Multiparadigm (functional, imperative, object-oriented) • Supported by a long history and wide literature • Also used as an internal scripting language for Gnu Emacs, Autocad, and other packages. CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  2. LISP • LISP = LISt Processing • Intended for processing symbolic information • Implementations from noncommercial sites: • GNU Common Lisp (GCL) - U of Texas mods to Kyoto Common Lisp • CLISP -- developed in Germany. • Available implementations from www.franz.com: • Allegro Common Lisp for Windows, Web edition. • Allegro Common Lisp for Linux CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  3. LISP: Our Objectives • Motivation and History • Interactive programming • Functional programming • List manipulation with recursive functions • Language extensibility via macro definitions • Language evolution to support multiple paradigms • Lisp look and feel • Lisp for rapidly prototyping AI systems • Lisp on the Web CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  4. History of Lisp (continued) • John McCarthy, developed the ideas during the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, 1956. • First implementation on the IBM 704 • John McCarthy published “Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine” in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1960. CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  5. History of Lisp (continued) • 1970s: advanced dialects -- MacLisp, InterLisp; • Lisp machines (Symbolics, Inc.; Lisp Machines, Inc.; Xerox; Texas Instruments) • Late 1970s: Scheme, Portable Standard Lisp, XLISP. • 1984. Common Lisp. • Use of Lisp as internal scripting languages: Gnu Emacs, AutoCAD. • 1987 CLOS = Common Lisp Object System. • 1994 ANSI Standard Lisp. CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  6. Interacting with Lisp • Interaction takes place in a Lisp Listener Window. • Lisp runs an endless loop for interacting with the user: READ EVAL PRINT CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  7. Interacting with Lisp (continued) > (+ 3 5) 8 > (* 2.5 (+ 2 2)) 10.0 > (setq x 5) 5 > (sqrt x) 2.236068 > (* x x) 25 CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  8. Defining a function > (* 5 5 5) 125 > (defun cube (n) (* n n n)) CUBE > (cube 2) 8 > (cube 15.001) 3375.6753 CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  9. Symbolic Values Symbols are like identifiers, but they are commonly used as values as well as variables. > (setq x ’pizza) PIZZA > x PIZZA > (setq pizza ’pepperoni) PEPPERONI > pizza PEPPERONI > (eval x) PEPPERONI CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  10. More on Evaluation of Symbols > (setq x ’y) Y > (setq y ’z) Z > (setq z ’x) X > x Y > (eval x) Z > (eval (eval x)) X CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

  11. Values of Symbols A symbol without a value in the current context is said to be “unbound”. The value of a symbol can be any Lisp object, including a number, another symbol, a functional object, a list, and array, etc. A symbol can have several local (“lexical”) values and one global value. However, symbols belong to “packages”, and two different packages can have symbols with the same name. CSE 415 -- (c) S. Tanimoto, 2004 Introducing Lisp

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