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Alabama Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus ammobates

Alabama Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus ammobates. Perdido Key Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis. Santa Rosa Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus leucocephalus. Choctawhatchee Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus allophrys. St. Andrew Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis.

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Alabama Beach Mouse Peromyscus polionotus ammobates

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  1. Alabama Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus ammobates

  2. Perdido Key Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus trissyllepsis

  3. Santa Rosa Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus leucocephalus

  4. Choctawhatchee Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus allophrys

  5. St. Andrew Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus peninsularis

  6. Natural History of Beach MiceGeneral Characteristics • Nocturnal, semi-fossorial rodents with big ears and large, black eyes. • General size: • up to 3” head to base of tail • 2” tail length. • Weights: • 9-14 g adults • 20-22 g pregnant females.

  7. Genetic Trait 2 - 8 - 20 1 m Escape Tunnel Sand Plug

  8. Natural HistoryHabitat Utilization • Highest densities found within intact frontal and primary dunes. • Frontal/Primaries most dynamic component of Coastal Strand.

  9. Natural HistoryHabitat Utilization • Beach mice are typical residents in secondary and scrub dunes. • Deep scrub less suitable. • Less dynamic, plants less tolerant of salt spray. • Recent consideration to elevate to ‘Critical Habitat’ by FWS. • Scrub important for refuge/dune restoration.

  10. Natural HistoryReproductive Behavior • Monogamous. • Reproduction: • Mature at 30 days (1st estrus) • Gestation - 28 + 3 days • Litter size - 3 to 4 • Life Span: • 9 months in wild • 2 years not uncommon • 5 years in captivity

  11. 1300 1247 1000 500 455 Population Estimate 400 321 300 255 200 221 162 100 129 102 43 0 F97 S98 S99 F99 S00 F00 S01 F01 S02 Natural HistoryDemographic Characteristics 6 grids  394,400 m2 Arithmetic Mean = 326 mice Median = 221 mice Harmonic Mean = 146 mice

  12. Biological History of Beach Mice • Biogeography • Subspecies

  13. Recurrent Invasion Hypothesis Beach Forms arose from repeated migration from mainland 5,000 years old

  14. ?? Shoreline Tracking Hypothesis Inland Forms Beach Forms 200,000 years old

  15. Ocala Auburn Baldwin Co. Baldwin Co. Baldwin Co. Choctawhatchee (CIW) Choctawhatchee (SI) St. Andrew (CIE) Choctawhatchee (TS) Perdido Key Crestview St. Andrew (SJ) Santa Rosa Alabama Alabama Beach MousePeromyscus polionotus ammobates 350,000

  16. Reasons for Decline and Listing of Beach Mice • Habitat Loss and Fragmentation. • Coastal Development. • Remaining habitat vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. • Predation (Natural and Introduced)

  17. Reasons for Decline and Listing of Beach Mice • Habitat Loss and Fragmentation. • Beach Front Development. • Remaining habitat vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. • Predation (Natural and Introduced)

  18. Reasons for Decline and Listing of Beach Mice • Habitat Loss and Fragmentation. • Beach Front Development. • Remaining habitat vulnerable to hurricanes and tropical storms. • Predation (Natural and Introduced)

  19. Conservation Efforts • Re-establishment Examples • Grayton Beach • Perdido Key • St. Andrews

  20. Ocala Auburn Baldwin Co. Baldwin Co. Baldwin Co. Choctawhatchee (CIW) Choctawhatchee (SI) St. Andrew (CIE) Choctawhatchee (TS) Perdido Key Crestview St. Andrew (SJ) Santa Rosa Alabama St. Andrew Beach MouseGood Intentions – Bad Actions

  21. J & H Endangered Species Act (ESA) Observations • Species Recovery Plan • Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) • Incidental Take Permits (1982) • Critical Habitat • Mitigation • Compliance / Enforcement • Use / Misuse • Jeopardy Call

  22. ESA – some issues • Critical protection provided to Beach Mice • Legal regulation and limitations • Economics -- land boom ($50,000) • Politics -- interpretation issues • Agency issues • USFWS legacy • Career administrators • Litigation – every decision

  23. Species Recovery Plan • Recovery efforts • Downlisting criteria • 3 populations + 50 % of critical (ABM) • Delisting – not expected for BM • Update (every 5 years) - stakeholders

  24. Incidental Take Permits • Section 10 – 1982 • Harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture or collect – prohibited • Habitat modifications considered Take • Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP)

  25. Habitat Conservation Plans • Minimize impact • Beach mice – large developments focus • Range-wide HCP – J & H • Overcome piece-meal planning • Consistent enforcement • Local control – issues • Economic pressures override • Philosophical issue – National treasure

  26. Habitat Conservation Plans • Minimize impact • Beach mice – large developments focus • Range-wide HCP – J & H • Overcome piece-meal planning • Consistent enforcement • Local control – issues • Economic pressures override • Philosophical issue – National treasure • 1994 – NO Surprises Rule - no adaptive • Light pollution example

  27. Critical Habitat • 500 feet above mean high tide + Ft. Morgan

  28. Critical Habitat • 500 feet above mean high tide + Ft. Morgan • J & H – dichotomy of protection • difficult to protect outside of zone • Our research • need to increase area • interior habitat essential • genetic effective size (Ne) -- larger area

  29. Critical Habitat • 500 feet above mean high tide + Ft. Morgan • J & H – dichotomy of protection • difficult to protect outside of zone • Our research • need to increase area • interior habitat essential • genetic effective size (Ne) -- larger area

  30. Area = 5,400,000 m2 Running average = 2000 2,700 m2 per mouse Ne = 500 Ne / Census = 0.25 ~ 21.6 km x 250 m (500 m) 13.4 miles

  31. Critical Habitat • 500 feet above mean high tide + Ft. Morgan • J & H – dichotomy of protection • difficult to protect outside of zone • Our research • need to increase area • interior habitat essential • genetic effective size (Ne) -- larger area • 2002 – 2003 = very high density • argued to delist

  32. Mitigation • Interpretation varies widely • extortion • maximum extent practicable • Land swaps ( 4 to 1), land set-aside, money • $ 2 million …… and no one home • “Games” are common

  33. Mitigation Games • Set-back lines (Critical Habitat) • Habitat protection / restoration

  34. Compliance / Enforcement • HCP - monitoring - consultants • Examples -- • Non-native plants • Cantilevered houses • Rentals -- people issues

  35. Compliance / Enforcement • HCP - monitoring - consultants • Examples -- • Non-native plants • Cantilevered houses • Rentals -- people issues • Boardwalks • Dune disturbance • Bon Fires – Golf

  36. Compliance / Enforcement • HCP - monitoring - consultants • Examples -- • Non-native plants • Cantilevered houses • Rentals -- people issues • Boardwalks • Dune disturbance • Bon Fires – Golf • Cat Problem – Perdido Key

  37. Image Issues • Save a mouse ???  Habitat Preservation • Examples of image issues • Semi-friends  private vs condos • Convenient excuses for other actions • Perdido Key • FEMA (COBRA) -- Ft. Morgan Black Eye Issues

  38. Jeopardy Call • ABM are in jeopardy • Concept of “Proof” • Intra-agency battles • God Squad (1978)

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