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IB Sports, exercise and health science

IB Sports, exercise and health science. Measurement & evaluation of human performance. Topic 6 Measurement. 6.2.1 Distinguish between the concepts of health-related fitness and performance-related (skill-related) fitness.

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IB Sports, exercise and health science

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  1. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.1 Distinguish between the concepts of health-related fitness and performance-related (skill-related) fitness • The components of fitness relate to the requirements of a given sporting activity, and can help to explain success or failure in sport. • A distinction can be made between components that are generally considered to be health related (health benefits may be gained through improvements in these components), and those that are skill related, although both will affect performance in sport. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  2. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.1 Distinguish between the concepts of health-related fitness and performance-related (skill-related) fitness • Health related factors are physiologically based and determine the ability of an individual to meet the physical demands of the activity. • Skill related factors are based upon the neuromuscular system and determine how successful a person can perform a specific skill. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  3. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.1 Distinguish between the concepts of health-related fitness and performance-related (skill-related) fitness • Both health and skill related are required in all activities, but the relative importance of each dimension may differ. • For example, a person may be physically suited to tennis, possessing speed, endurance and strength requirements, but may not possess the hand eye coordination to strike the ball successfully. In this instance the individual may be more suited to an activity such as distance running that requires fewer skill related components. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  4. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Strength • Relates to the ability of the body to apply a force. The recognised definition of strength is, the maximum force that can be developed in a muscle or group of muscles in a single maximal contraction. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  5. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • However, it is how we apply strength that is important in the sporting context. Three classifications have been identified: • Maximum strength: an athlete who requires a very large force to overcome a resistance in a single contraction e.g. weight lifting • Elastic strength (Power): an athlete who requires to overcome resistance rapidly yet prepare the muscle quickly for sequential contraction e.g. sprinting, triple jump • Strength endurance: an athlete who is required to undergo repeated contractions and withstand fatigue e.g. rowing, swimming • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  6. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Local Muscle Endurance • Is the ability of a particular muscle group to keep working at the desired level of effort for as long as the situation demands. It is often controlled by the body’s tolerance of the increasing levels of lactic acid which the activity creates. It is of high importance in: • The arms in a 200m swim. • The legs in a marathon • The arms, abdominals and quadriceps in a 2000m rowing race. • Smyth 2nd Ed et.al 2006 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  7. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Speed • - the ability to put body parts into motion quickly, or the maximum rate that a person can move over a specific distance. • It is a major factor in high intensity explosive activities such as sprinting, vaulting in gymnastics or fast bowling in cricket. However, it is not simply concerned with the rate at which a person can move his/her body from A to B. It also involves putting limbs into action rapidly, such as with the throwing of the javelin. • It is genetically determined by fast twitch fibre composition, with body mechanics and leverage also playing a role. Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  8. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Power • Is the combination of strength and speed. A powerful movement is achieved quickly as possible, while imparting as much strength as possible. It is of high importance in: • Field events • Tackling in rugby or football. • Spike in volleyball • Drive in golf • Smyth 2nd Ed et.al 2006 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  9. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity) • Is dependant upon the ability of the cardiovascular system to transport and utilise oxygen during sustained exercise. It can be defined as: • the ability to provide and sustain energy aerobically. • Cardio-respiratory endurance is the component of fitness that underpins all aerobic activities which include long distance running , cycling or swimming as well as being a contributing factor to many other sporting situations. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  10. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Flexibility • the range of movement at a joint. • It is determined by the elasticity of ligaments and tendons, the strength and opposition of surrounding muscles (including antagonists) and the shape of articulating bones. • Although it is commonly associated with gymnastics, it is in fact a requirement in all sports since the development of flexibility can lead to both an increase in speed and power of muscle contraction. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  11. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Body Composition • the component parts of the body in terms of the relative amounts of body fat compared to lean body mass. • For the average 18 year old, men range from 14-17%, while woman range from 24-29%. For the athlete high body fat can result in a reduction in muscle efficiency and contributes to greater energy expenditure since more weight requires more energy to move around and a consequent increase in oxygen consumption. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  12. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Skill/motor fitness • Involves the components of fitness that are skill related. These include speed and power, as well as agility, balance, coordination and reaction time. • Honeybourne et.al2004 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  13. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Agility • the ability to move and change direction and position of the body quickly and effectively while under control. • With reference to this definition we can see that many factors are involved in agility, including balance, coordination, speed and flexibility. • It is required in a range of activities from tumbling in gymnastics to receiving balls in volleyball. Although activities can be undertaken to improve agility, development of this skill related component is limited. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  14. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Balance • the maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support. This can be while the body is static or dynamic (moving). • It is an integral component in the effective performance of most motor skills. In gymnastics, for example, it may be required to perform a balanced position when performing a handstand (static). Or when staying on feet in a rugby tackle (dynamic). • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  15. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Coordination • the interaction of the motor and nervous systems and is the ability to perform motor tasks accurately and effectively. • When serving in tennis for example, the tennis player must coordinate the toss of the ball with one hand with the striking of the ball with the racket head at the optimum position. • A swimmer performing breast stroke must coordinate the pull of the arms with the strong kick phase to ensure effective performance. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  16. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.2 Outline the major components of fitness • Reaction time • the time taken to initiate a response to a given stimulus. • The stimulus may be visual, for example, in responding to a serve in tennis, or aural in responding to a gun in athletics or verbal guidance from players and coaches. • Reaction time is dependant upon the ability of an individual to process information and initiate a response by the neuro-muscular system. It can be improved through training. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  17. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.3 Outline the importance of specificity, accuracy reliability and validity with regard to fitness testing. • Research Task • Define the above terms and use examples from fitness testing to demonstrate how they can be applied and their importance in scientific research. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  18. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.3 Outline the importance of specificity, accuracy reliability and validity with regard to fitness testing. • Clickview: Analysing Fitness • View and take additional notes. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  19. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.4 Discuss the importance of study design in the context of the sport and exercise • This should include a demonstration of causality by the inclusion of control groups, randomisation, placebos, blinding and double-blinding. • Read the weblinks below and define the above terms. • http://skepdic.com/control.html • http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/321/7259/504 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  20. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.4 Discuss the importance of study design in the context of the sport and exercise • Written Report: • Design a sample sports science experiment demonstrating the use of these experimental techniques. • (500 typed words) Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  21. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.5 Explain the importance of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q). • Read the websites below to define the PAR-Q test and explain it’s importance> • http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/sth-evs/english/parq.htm • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1330274 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  22. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.6 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of field, laboratory, sub-maximal testing and maximal tests of human performance. • Class Discussion/Research Activity: • Field Tests (Joseph/Alex) • Laboratory tests (David/Naveen) • Sub-maximal (Louis) • Maximal (Linden) Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  23. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • For each of the tests indicated, consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests. • For those tests indicated , consider tests previously completed. • Other tests will be administered in class by the students as indicated. • Also, use the resource provided (Wesson et.al 2005) to evaluate each of the tests. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  24. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Aerobic capacity: • Multistage fitness/beep test (leger test) • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. • Harvard Step Test • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Outline the difference in protocol between the Queens College and Harvard Step tests. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  25. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Aerobic capacity: • Coopers 12 minute run (Alex): Research the protocol/norms and implement the test. • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  26. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Flexibility: • Sit and reach test • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  27. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Muscle endurance: • Research the protocols/norms and implement the following tests: • maximum sit-ups (Naveen) • Maximum push-ups (Louis) • Flexed arm hang (David) • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above tests. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  28. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Agility: • Research the protocols/norms and implement the following test: • Illinois Agility Test (Joseph) • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  29. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Strength: • Research the protocols/norms and implement the following test: • Hand grip dynamometer (Linden) • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  30. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Speed: • 40 metre sprint • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  31. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Body Composition: • Body Mass Index • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  32. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Body Composition (Alex/Joseph): • Anthropometry: Use the below site to learn more about anthropometric testing . Complete a series of skin fold tests as an example. • http://www.topendsports.com/testing/anthropometry.htm • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  33. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Body Composition: • Underwater weighing • http://www.topendsports.com/testing/tests/underwater.htm • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  34. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Research the protocols/norms and implement the following tests: • Balance (Stork stand) – Naveen • Coordination (hand ball toss) – Linden • Reaction time (drop test) – Louis • Power (vertical jump/standing broad jump) • - David • Discuss the validity, reliability and limitations of the above test. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  35. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.2.7 Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests (Consider the validity, reliability and limitations of the following tests) • Research Task: Consider process involved in the establishment of standardised norms and what cultural variations may be apparent. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  36. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Warm Up • A warm up should prepare the body for exercise. It can prevent injury and muscle soreness and has the following physiological benefits : • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  37. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Release of adrenaline: increased speed of oxygen delivery to the muscles. • Decreased viscosity of blood due to increase in muscle temperature. • Increased muscle temperatures which will facilitate enzyme activity and subsequent increased muscle metabolism leading to breakdown of glycogen. • Increased temperature leading to greater extensibility and elasticity of muscle fibres. • Increase speed of nerve impulse conduction. • Increase production of synovial fluid, improving efficiency of joints. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  38. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • To ensure the athlete gains as much from the warm up as possible, the following stages should be followed: • Step 1: Purpose to raise heart rate in order to increase body temperature and speed of oxygen delivery to the muscles. This can be achieved by performing some kind of cardiovascular exercise such as jogging. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  39. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Step 2: Now the muscle temperature has increased, the athlete can perform some mobility or stretching exercises. Static and calethenic type exercises are performed where the muscle is working over it’s full range. Push ups, lunges, grape vine and sumo squats are all examples. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  40. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Step 3: The final stage of a warm up should involve a sport-specific or skill-related component where neuromuscular mechanisms related to the activity are worked. For example, practicing serving in tennis, tumble turns in swimming or shooting baskets in basketball. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  41. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Activity: Using this 3 step procedure outlined, design a sample warm up for the sport of your choice. Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  42. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Cool down • Following exercise a similar process must be followed in order to prevent unnecessary discomfort; this is a cool down. • It involves performing some kind of light continuous activity where heart rate remains elevated. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  43. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Cool down • The purpose is to keep metabolic activity high, and capillaries dilated so that oxygen can be flushed through muscle tissue, removing and oxidising any lactic acid that remains. This will prevent blood pooling which can cause dizziness if exercise is stopped abruptly. • It can also limit the effects of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  44. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Cool down • The final step in the cool down should be stretching, which should hopefully facilitate and improve flexibility as the muscles are very warm at this stage. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  45. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Stretching activities • Active Stretching: The athlete performs voluntary muscular contractions, and holds for a period 30-60 seconds. By consciously relaxing the muscle at the limit of the range of motion, muscle elongation may occur following regular contraction. • Wesson et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  46. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Stretching activities • Read the web link below and summarise the findings regarding stretching in the warm up. • http://www.ask.net.au/downloads/The_Stretching_Debate.pdf Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  47. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Stretching activities • Passive Stretching: This refers to the range of movement achieved with an external force. This is generally performed with the help of a partner. • e.g. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  48. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Stretching activities • A simple PNF technique is: • Step 1: Move slowly to your range of movement with a partner aiding stretch (passive stretch). Hold for a few seconds. • Step 2: Just before point of discomfort, isometrically contract the muscle being stretched for between 6 – 10 seconds. • Step 3: After the hold, the muscle will release, having stimulated a golgi tendon organ (GTO) response which causes further relaxation of muscle, enabling further stretching. • Wession et.al 2005 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  49. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Flexibility Training • Read and summarise the web link below. • http://www.sport-fitness-advisor.com/flexibilitytraining.html Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

  50. IB Sports, exercise and health science Measurement & evaluation of human performance Topic 6 Measurement 6.3.1 Describe the essential elements of a general training programme • Endurance Training • Continuous Training • Is also called “steady-state” training and involves an individual maintaining a steady pace for a long period of time. To be effective it needs to be done over 20 minutes and within the aerobic training zone (70-85% Max HR). It is useful for developing a strong base of aerobic fitness. • Stafford-Brown et.al 2007 Sub-topics 1. Statistical Analysis 2. Components of fitness 3. Principles of training programme design

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