1 / 47

Food Animal Cardiology

Food Animal Cardiology. M. S. Gill, DVM, MS. Initial examination. Complete physical examination important With special attention given to: Mucous membrane color Presence of jugular pulses Edema. Jugular pulse. Jugular pulse & edema. Examination of the heart.

norm
Télécharger la présentation

Food Animal Cardiology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Food Animal Cardiology M. S. Gill, DVM, MS

  2. Initial examination • Complete physical examination important • With special attention given to: • Mucous membrane color • Presence of jugular pulses • Edema

  3. Jugular pulse

  4. Jugular pulse & edema

  5. Examination of the heart • Heart occupies ventral position in the thorax • Between the 3rd and 6th ribs • 3/5’s of heart is on the left side

  6. Examination of the heart • Auscultation • Heart sounds • S1, S2, S3, S4 • Areas of auscultation of heart valves • Assessment of murmurs

  7. Examination of the heart • S1 – beginning of ventricular systole (contracting myocardium and closure of AV valves) • S2 – closure of the semilunar valves • S3 – ventricular filling • S4 – atrial contraction • Normal sequence S4 – S1 – S2 – S3

  8. Examination of the heart

  9. Examination of the heart • Grading murmurs • Grade I • Grade II • Grade III • Grade IV • Grade V Grade I is not clinically significant. Grades IV and V are usually significant

  10. Evaluation of the heart • Heart rate – should equal pulse • Tachycardia • Bradycardia • Rhythm • Most common arrhythmia in cattle is atrial fibrillation

  11. Congenital cardiac defects • Early detection important • Expense • Genetic implications

  12. Congenital cardiac defects • Ventricular septal defect* • Left to right shunt • Tetralogy of Fallot • Right to left shunt, cyanosis • Ectopia cordis • Patent foramen ovale • PDA

  13. Vegetative endocarditis • Murmur • CHF may develop • Arcanobacter pyogenes or α-hemolytic strep in cattle, erysipelothrix or strep in swine • Lesions on valves are usually embolic in origin • Right AV valve usually affected

  14. Vegetative endocarditis • Clinical signs • Poor doing animal • Exercise intolerance • CHF • Fluctuating fever • Clinical pathology • Severe leukocytosis • Diagnostics • Blood cultures • Echocardiography

  15. Vegetative endocarditis • Large cauliflower-like or small verrucous lesions on heart valves, or, • Shrunken, scarred heart valves

  16. Vegetative endocarditis

  17. Vegetative endocarditis • Treatment • Cephalosporins/penicillin to calves with omphalophlebitis • Long term, broad spectrum antibiotics to cattle with vegetative endocarditis • Prognosis poor

  18. Pericarditis • Inflammation of the visceral and parietal pericardium • Most likely due to traumatic pericarditis – extension of traumatic reticuloperitonitis

  19. Pericarditis • Pathophysiology • Penetration of pericardium by metallic foreign body fibrinous exudate effusion with splashing sounds compromised heart function CHF

  20. Pericarditis • Clinical signs • Pain • Kyphosis • Abduction of elbows • Shallow respirations • T – 103-106º F • Fluid splashing cardiac sounds or friction rubs or muffled heart sounds • CHF may develop late in the course

  21. Pericarditis • Most cows with pericarditis die in 1-3 weeks • Some develop chronic pericarditis • Leukocytosis – 16,000-30,000 WBC

  22. Pericarditis • Pericardiocentesis • Centesis performed at the 4th or 5th intercostal space at the level of the elbow on the left side

  23. Pericarditis

  24. Pericarditis • Fibrin deposition • Purulent exudate • Thickened pericardium / epicardium • Adhesions • Possible presence of metallic foreign body

  25. Pericarditis • Treatment • Not very successful • Long term, broad spectrum antibiotics • 5th or 6th rib resection (pericardiotomy) may be attempted but not very successful

  26. Myocardial disease • Myocarditis • Inflammation of the myocardial wall (bacterial, viral, parasitic) • Cardiomyopathy • Dilated cardiomyopathy is the only form of clinical significance in large animals

  27. Myocarditis • Bacterial • Staph, Clostridium, 2º to bacteremia or septicemia, pericarditis, endocarditis • Viral • FMD • Parasitic • Toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis, sarcocystis

  28. Myocarditis • May be incidental finding at necropsy • Treat primary condition – i.e., cow with mastitis

  29. Cardiomyopathy • Toxicities: • Monensin, lasalocid • Gossypol • Cassia • Phalaris • Deficiencies • Vitamin E/Se (WMD or nutritional myodegeneration) • Copper deficiency

  30. Cardiomyopathy • Other causes • Excess molybdenum • High sulfates • Lymphosarcoma – neoplastic infiltration of myocardium

  31. Cardiomyopathy • Clinical signs – usually present with CHF • Treatment – poor prognosis – treat CHF

  32. Cor pulmonale • Pulmonary hypertension, brisket disease, high altitude disease, or high mountain disease • Cor pulmonale reflects effect of lung dysfunction on heart, therefore, heart disease is secondary

  33. Cor pulmonale • Pathophysiology: • Pulmonary hypertension right heart hypertrophy, dilatation or failure • Underlying cause is hypoxic vasoconstriction caused by • High altitude dwelling (> 6,000 feet) • Pulmonary disease (bronchopneumonia or lungworms)

  34. Cor pulmonale • Clinical signs • Signs of CHF • Treatment • Remove from high altitude • Treat any primary lung disease • Reversible if treated early

  35. Differentials for CHF • Vegetative endocarditis • Pericarditis • Myocarditis • Cardiac lymphosarcoma • Dilated cardiomyopathy • Cor pulmonale or brisket disease

  36. Electrocardiography • Useful for diagnosis of arrhythmias • Base-apex lead • Normal ECG: • Small positive P wave (may be notched) • QRS complex is either rS or QS • T is a positive monophasic or negative/positive biphasic wave

  37. Normal cattle ECG

  38. Atrial fibrillation • Most common arrhythmia in cattle • Absence of P waves, presence of f waves, ventricular tachycardia with irregular rhythm • Atria remain distended & quiver due to numerous independent fronts of depolarization • CHF unlikely

  39. Atrial fibrillation • Organic – underlying heart disease • Functional - 2º to other abnormalities • GI disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities, pulmonary disease, brain disease

  40. Atrial fibrillation • Most cases are functional • May be paroxysmal or established • May convert to normal sinus rhythm spontaneously • Treatment involves correcting underlying condition – quinidine has been used in some cases that don’t correct on own

  41. Atrial fibrillation

  42. Atrial fibrillation

  43. Sinus arrhythmia

  44. Premature ventricular contractions • Etiology • Primary myocardial disease • Secondary to increased sympathetic tone, hypoxia, anemia, uremia, acidosis, sepsis, hypokalemia or various drugs • Rate normal but rhythm irregular • QRS complex of a PVC is premature, bizarre, prolonged & of larger amplitude • Unifocal or multifocal • Treat underlying condition or lidocaine

  45. PVC – multifocal or multiform

  46. PVC - unifocal

  47. Pericarditis

More Related