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Polymer Monomer (basic building block *) Protein 20 amino acids DNA/RNA 4+4 nucleotides

Molecular composition of biological macromolecules (polymers). Polymer Monomer (basic building block *) Protein 20 amino acids DNA/RNA 4+4 nucleotides Polysaccharide > 8 sugars Lipid 6 lipid classes (most diverse) (* Monomers are often chemically modified after polymerization).

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Polymer Monomer (basic building block *) Protein 20 amino acids DNA/RNA 4+4 nucleotides

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  1. Molecular composition of biological macromolecules (polymers) PolymerMonomer (basic building block *) Protein20 amino acids DNA/RNA4+4 nucleotides Polysaccharide> 8 sugars Lipid 6 lipid classes (most diverse) (* Monomers are often chemically modified after polymerization)

  2. LE 5-2a Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Longer polymer Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

  3. LE 5-2b Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond Hydrolysis of a polymer

  4. Trioses (C3H6O3) Pentoses (C5H10O5) Hexoses (C6H12O6) Fig. 5-3 Aldoses Glyceraldehyde Ribose Glucose Galactose Ketoses Dihydroxyacetone Ribulose Fructose

  5. LE 5-4b Abbreviated ring structure

  6. LE 5-4a Linear and ring forms

  7. LE 5-5a 1–4 glycosidic linkage Maltose Glucose Glucose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose

  8. LE 5-5b 1–2 glycosidic linkage Fructose Glucose Sucrose Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose

  9. Alpha and beta anomeric forms of glucose LE 5-7a a Glucose b Glucose a and b glucose ring structures

  10. LE 5-7b Starch: 1–4 linkage of a glucose monomers.

  11. LE 5-7c Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of b glucose monomers.

  12. Chloroplast Starch LE 5-6a 1 µm Amylose Amylopectin Starch: a plant polysaccharide

  13. Glycogen granules Mitochondria LE 5-6b 0.5 µm Glycogen Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

  14. Cell walls Cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall Fig. 5-8 Microfibril 10 µm 0.5 µm Cellulose molecules • Glucose monomer

  15. Figure 5-09 All higher organisms depend on symbiotic prokaryotes for digestive physiological function

  16. LE 5-10 The structure of chitin. Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals. Chitin forms the exoskeleton of arthropods. This cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emerging in adult form.

  17. LE 5-11a Fatty acid (palmitic acid) Glycerol Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat

  18. Ester linkage LE 5-11b Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

  19. LE 5-12 Stearic acid Saturated fat and fatty acid. Oleic acid cis double bond causes bending Unsaturated fat and fatty acid.

  20. LE 5-13 Choline Hydrophilic head Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Space-filling model Structural formula Phospholipid symbol

  21. LE 5-14 WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails WATER

  22. Figure 5-15 Cholesterol – a simple sterol

  23. KEGG A data base of molecular compounds http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg-bin/get_htext?br08001.keg

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