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COS 420

COS 420 . Day 3. Agenda. Assignment Due Jan 29, 2003 Next Class Individual Projects assigned Today. Individualized project. Will be a research project & paper ~ 20 page paper MLA Format 10 Min Presentation You can pick any topic that one of the IETF working groups is developing

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COS 420

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  1. COS 420 Day 3

  2. Agenda • Assignment Due Jan 29, 2003 • Next Class • Individual Projects assigned Today

  3. Individualized project • Will be a research project & paper • ~ 20 page paper • MLA Format • 10 Min Presentation • You can pick any topic that one of the IETF working groups is developing • http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/wg-dir.html • Past history, Current state, upcoming developments • Due Date • Papers due March 15 • Presentations will be on March 22

  4. CLASSFUL INTERNET ADDRESSES • Definitions • Name • Identifies what an entity is • Often textual (e.g., ASCII) • Address • Identifies where an entity is located • Often binary and usually compact • Sometimes called locator • Route • Identifies how to get to the object • May be distributed

  5. Internet Protocol Address(IP Address) • Analogous to hardware address • Unique value assigned as unicast address to each host on Internet • Used by Internet applications

  6. IP Address Details • 32-bit binary value • Unique value assigned to each host in Internet • Values chosen to make routing efficient

  7. IP Address Division • Address divided into two parts • Prefix (network ID) identifies network to which host attaches • Suffix (host ID) identifies host on that network

  8. Classful Addressing • Original IP scheme • Explains many design decisions • New schemes are backward compatible

  9. Desirable Properties Of AnInternet Addressing Scheme • Compact (as small as possible) • Universal (big enough) • Works with all network hardware • Supports efficient decision making • Test whether a destination can be reached directly • Decide which router to use for indirect delivery • Choose next router along a path to the destination

  10. Division Of Internet AddressInto Prefix And Suffix • How should division be made? • Large prefix, small suffix means many possible networks, but each is limited in size • Large suffix, small prefix means each network can be large, but there can only be a few networks • Original Internet address scheme designed to accommodate both possibilities • Known as classful addressing

  11. Original IPv4 Address Classes

  12. Important Property • Classful addresses are self-identifying • Consequences • Can determine boundary between prefix and suffix from the address itself • No additional state needed to store boundary information • Both hosts and routers benefit

  13. Endpoint Identification • Because IP addresses encode both a network and a host on that network, they do not specify an individual computer, but a connection to a network.

  14. IP Address Conventions • When used to refer to a network • Host field contains all 0 bits • Broadcast on the local wire • Network and host fields both contain all 1 bits • Directed broadcast: broadcast on specific (possibly remote) network • Host field contains all 1 bits • Nonstandard form: host field contains all 0 bits

  15. Assignment Of IP Addresses • All hosts on same network assigned same address prefix • Prefixes assigned by central authority • Obtained from ISP • Each host on a network has a unique suffix • Assigned locally • Local administrator must ensure uniqueness

  16. Advantages Of Classful Addressing • Computationally efficient • First bits specify size of prefix / suffix • Allows mixtures of large and small networks

  17. Directed Broadcast • IP addresses can be used to specify a directed broadcast in which a packet is sent to all computers on a network; such addresses map to hardware broadcast, if available. By convention, a directed broadcast address has a valid netid and has a hostid with all bits set to 1.

  18. Limited Broadcast • All 1’s • Broadcast limited to local network only (no forwarding) • Useful for bootstrapping

  19. All Zeros IP Address • Can only appear as source address • Used during bootstrap before computer knows its address • Means ‘‘this’’ computer

  20. Internet Multicast • IP allows Internet multicast, but no Internet-wide multicast delivery system currently in place • Class D addresses reserved for multicast • Each address corresponds to group of participating computers • IP multicast uses hardware multicast when available • More later in the course

  21. Consequences Of IP Addressing • If a host computer moves from one network to another, its IP address must change • For a multi-homed host (with two or more addresses), the path taken by packets depends on the address used

  22. Multi-Homed Hosts And Reliability • Knowing that B is multi-homed increases reliability

  23. Dotted Decimal Notation • Syntactic form for expressing 32-bit address • Used throughout the Internet and associated literature • Represents each octet in decimal separated by periods (dots)

  24. Example Of Dotted DecimalNotation • A 32-bit number in binary • 10000000 00001010 00000010 00000011 • The same 32-bit number expressed in dotted decimal notation • 128 . 10 . 2 . 3

  25. Loopback Address • Used for testing • Refers to local computer (never sent to Internet) • Address is 127.0.0.1

  26. Classful Address Ranges

  27. Summary Of Address Conventions

  28. Example Of IP Addressing • Assume an organization has three networks • Organization obtains three prefixes, one per network • Host address must begin with network prefix

  29. Illustration Of IP Addressing

  30. Summary • IP address • 32 bits long • Prefix identifies network • Suffix identifies host • Classful addressing uses first few bits of address to determine boundary between prefix and suffix Special forms of addresses handle • Limited broadcast • Directed broadcast • Network identification • This host • Loopback

  31. PART V MAPPING INTERNET ADDRESSES TO PHYSICAL ADDRESSES (ARP)

  32. Motivation • Must use hardware (physical) addresses to communicate over network • Applications only use Internet addresses

  33. Example • Computers A and B on same network • Application on A generates packet for application on B • Protocol software on A must use B’s hardware address when sending a packet

  34. Consequence • Protocol software needs a mechanism that maps an IP address to equivalent hardware address • Known as address resolution problem

  35. Address Resolution • Performed at each step along path through Internet • Two basic algorithms • Direct mapping • Dynamic binding • Choice depends on type of hardware

  36. Direct Mapping • Easy to understand • Efficient • Only works when hardware address is small • Technique: assign computer an IP address that encodes the hardware address

  37. Example Of Direct Mapping • Hardware: proNet ring network • Hardware address: 8 bits • Assume IP address 192.5.48.0 (24-bit prefix) • Assign computer with hardware address K an IP address • 192.5.48.K • Resolving an IP address means extracting the hardware address from low-order 8 bits

  38. Dynamic Binding • Needed when hardware addresses are large (e.g., Ethernet) • Allows computer A to find computer B’s hardware address • A starts with B’s IP address • A knows B is on the local network • Technique: broadcast query and obtain response Note: dynamic binding only used across one network at a time

  39. Internet Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) • Standard for dynamic address resolution in the Internet • Requires hardware broadcast • Intended for LAN • Important idea: ARP only used to map addresses within a single physical network, never across multiple networks

  40. ARP • Machine A broadcasts ARP request with B’s IP address • All machines on local net receive broadcast • Machine B replies with its physical address • Machine A adds B’s address information to its table • Machine A delivers packet directly to B

  41. Illustration Of ARPRequest And Reply Messages

  42. ARP Packet Format WhenUsed With Ethernet

  43. Observations About Packet Format • General: can be used with • Arbitrary hardware address • Arbitrary protocol address (not just IP) • Variable length fields (depends on type of addresses) • Length fields allow parsing of packet by computer that does not understand the two address types

  44. Retention Of Bindings • Cannot afford to send ARP request for each packet • Solution • Maintain a table of bindings • Effect • Use ARP one time, place results in table, and then send many packets

  45. ARP Caching • ARP table is a cache • Entries time out and are removed • Avoids stale bindings • Typical timeout: 20 minutes

  46. Algorithm For ProcessingARP Requests • Extract sender’s pair, (IA, EA) and update local ARP table if it exists • If this is a request and the target is ‘‘me’’ • Add sender’s pair to ARP table if not present • Fill in target hardware address • Exchange sender and target entries • Set operation to reply • Send reply back to requester

  47. Algorithm Features • If A ARPs B, B keeps A’s information • B will probably send a packet to A soon • If A ARPs B, other machines do not keep A’s information • Avoids clogging ARP caches needlessly

  48. Conceptual Purpose Of ARP • Isolates hardware address at low level • Allows application programs to use IP addresses

  49. ARP Encapsulation • ARP message travels in data portion of network frame • We say ARP message is encapsulated

  50. Illustration Of ARP Encapsulation

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