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Medieval Times. Times of Kings, Knights, and Chivalry. Feudal System. Definition: A Medieval European political system that revolved around the warrior nobility and the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. Lords: the nobility who owned the land.
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Medieval Times Times of Kings, Knights, and Chivalry.
Feudal System • Definition: A Medieval European political system that revolved around the warrior nobility and the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs. • Lords: the nobility who owned the land. • Vassals: people who the lords granted land to. • Fief: the land given by the lord to the vassal
Lords • There are two types of Lords. • The Liege Lord: This is the King or Emperor. • Lesser Lords: Barons and knights who the king gives land after they pay homage to him. They are part of the vassals.
Vassals • Includes lesser lords, under tenants, and peasants. • Under tenants granted land to the peasants in return for rent and labor services.
Charlemagne • He was a Frankish King who expanded the Frankish Kingdom into an empire that spanned much of Western and Central Europe. He ruled from 768 to 814. • He is also responsible for the spread of feudalism throughout much of Europe.
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The Power of the Church • During Medieval times one of the most powerful organizations in the world was the Catholic Church. • The Pope in Rome used the clergy to influence politics in Medieval Europe.
The Church as a Unifying Force • While feudalism divided the people into the noble and peasant classes the Church bonded these people together. • They were a stable force during war and political turmoil. • It also provided a sense of equality among because everybody followed the same path to salvation.
The Church in Villages • The Church in small villages was not only the center of religious activity, it was the center of social gatherings. • Religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter were also times for great celebration.
The Church and Politics • All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike were subject to canon law. • Canon law or Church law were laws that concerned matters like marriage and religious practices. • If these laws were broken a person was subject to excommunication and interdict.
Excommunication and Interdict • Excommunication: one person is banished from the Church. • Interdict: many sacraments and religious practices are not allowed to be performed in the king’s land. • The Pope used these two punishments to hold kings in check.
Pope Gregory VII vs. Henry IV • The Church was not always happy with the kings of Europe. • They particularly did not like the a ceremony called lay investiture in which kings appointed church officials. • In 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture. This made the Henry IV upset.
The Problem Continues • Henry IV continued to practice lay investiture and was excommunicated by Gregory VII. • The bishops and other church officials sided with the Pope forcing Henry IV to seek forgiveness. • This was granted in 1077.
The Concordat of Worms • The fight over lay investiture continued after Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV had died. • Eventually a compromise was reached with the Concordat of Worms. • This said the Pope would appoint the bishops but the king could veto them.
England Begins • By 900 England had been battered by invasions by raids lead by the Vikings. • They had been defended by leaders such as Alfred the Great, but eventually these people from Scandinavia had taken control of England. • These new people were the Angle-Saxon people.
William the Conqueror • By 1066 a struggle began over who would become the next king of England would be. Harold Godwinson stepped forward and made his claim. • However, another leader would emerge to claim the crown. His name was William of Normandy.
Battle of Hastings • William and Harold argued over who was the rightful king. • This led to war. On October 14, 1066 William led his troops against Harold at the Battle of Hastings in England. • William was victorious and earned the title of William the Conqueror.
How William Maintained Control • The first thing William did was remove all the lords who supported Harold. • He then placed people who supported him in their place. • William laid the foundation for centralized government in England.
Doomsday Book • This refers to a book that William the Conqueror ordered to be kept that showed who had paid taxes and who had not. • The people who looked after these affairs were called exchequers.
Assignments • These assignments are due on Test Day which will be next Friday. • First, have your note book completed and ready to turn in. Second, the two worksheets that will be handed out at the end of class. Finally, a Venn Diagram describing the similarities and differences in Greek Democracy, the Roman Republic, and Medieval Feudalism. These all need to be in your notebook.
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Henry II • Henry II became king in 1154 and ruled until 1189. He extended the English territories in France by gaining Aquitaine. • He did this by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Common Law • Henry II also strengthened the English government by placing judges in every territory owned by England. • These judges had the power to collect taxes, settle lawsuits, and punish crimes. • These judges formed what became known as the English common law. This became the basis for law in many English-speaking countries.
Magna Carta • John was also a cruel man who ruled in a way that made everyone angry at him. This led to the Magna Carta. • This document, which John reluctantly signed gave basic political rights to the citizens of England.
Rights in the Magna Carta • No taxation without representation. • A jury trial • Protection of the law • This became the basis for the basic legal rights of both England and the United States of America.
Parliament in England • Under Edward I England took another important step forward into becoming democratic country. • In 1295 the first parliament, legislative body, held its first meeting. This parliament was made up of knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords. It became known as the Model Parliament.
