A.P.E.

1. A.P.E. The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion (Major Themes)

2. Colonial Empires • During the 16th and 17th c., the Western maritime powers est. vast commercial, mercantile empires in N. & S. America. • Purpose  extract wealth and est. commercial advantage for the colonial power. • Largest empire = Spain; by 17th c. Britain and France also each est. major American presence • Colonies dependent upon slave labor

3. Trade Wars • 18th c. a period of wars over colonial empires in Americas and India • Trade wars entangled with dynastic wars in central and eastern Europe (worldwide wars) • Britain, France, and Spain battled for New World and Indian dominance • Britain emerged as major power by third quarter of 1700s (Spain still had large colonial empire, but was weak militarily)

4. Dynastic Wars • France, Austria, and Prussia fought territorial and dynastic wars in Europe • Britain used the wars in Europe to divert France from colonial ambitions • Britain and Prussia = big winners by 1763 • Austria lost territory to Prussia • France in debt

5. Results • Wars = need for more money = need for monarchies to govern more efficiently • Need for money = British taxes in N. America = revolution & independence • French helped American colonies = French debt = conflict with nobility = French Revolution • Revolutionary movements in Spanish Americas • Prussia, Austria, Russia = Enlightened Absolutism

6. 16th and early 17th c.

7. 18th c.

10. A World of Goods • In 18th c. Europe, for the first time, a mass mkt. for consumer goods emerged • Houses larger, more luxuries  sugar, tobacco, tea, coffee, chocolate, newspapers, books, pictures, clocks, toys, china, glassware, soap, razors, furniture (including beds w/mattresses, chairs, chests of drawers), shoes, cotton cloth, pewterware, silverware, spare clothing • Exploding consumer economy  increased demand for manufactured goods  increased prices • Also, growing service sector (fastest growing part of economy in Britain)  golden age of small shopkeepers • Many new consumer goods came from Europe’s empires in Asia, Africa, Americas

11. Colonialism: Spain • Mercantilist  only Spanish merchants allowed to trade w/Spanish colonies and all exports and imports had to go through a Spanish port • Sm. Spanish pop. Of administrators and churchmen governing a large Indian pop. • Did not attempt to uproot or eliminate existing native pop.  controlled and exploited for labor • Widespread cultural assimilation • High degree of intermarriage  racial and social “caste” system

12. Colonialism: France • Colonial system matured during Louis XIV and Colbert • Sugar producing West Indies most profitable colonies • Furs, fish, tobacco in North America • Direct crown enterprises • Intermarriage between fur traders and Indian women common • Colonies dependent on crown for wages and supplies; rarely self-sufficient

13. Colonialism: Dutch • Until 1670 the most prosperous commercial empire of 17th c. • “fort and factory” model • Dutch monopoly in Europe over pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, and clover • Trade w/Japan and China • Lost New Amsterdam (New York) in trade war with England • Dominated slave trade in 17th c. until lost control to English • Created joint-stock company and stock exchange

14. Colonialism: England • American colonies had no mineral wealth  agricultural • Many early settlements driven by religious motives • Early settlements private, but later subject to mercantilist laws • Most valuable products  tobacco and sugar • Colonies did not start as crown enterprises  joint-stock companies and private proprietary colonies • European disease had wiped out native pop. Before English had even arrived • No need or opportunity to control large Indian labor force  eliminate through expulsion and massacre • Intermarriage rare • Labor  indentured servants and slaves