AIRCRAFT HANDLING

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AIRCRAFT HANDLING Chapter 1 Aircraft Maintenance. Contents List. Click on a chapter. Chapter 2 Ground Handling. Chapter 3 Preparation for Flight. Chapter 4 General Flying. Chapter 5 Aerobatics and Formation Flying. Chapter 6 Aircraft Emergencies. exit

AIRCRAFT HANDLING Chapter 1 Aircraft Maintenance Return to contents list exit

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. policy

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. policy police

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. police police

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. P C police

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. P C reventative orrective police

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. P C reventative orrective police policy

Aircraft Maintenance The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance. A policy aimed too much at preventing breakdowns (over maintenance) would keep the aircraft in the hangar most of the time. The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance O M O The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance Objectives: Maintenance Operational The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures, restore levels of reliability, and ensure that time and use do not affect aircraft performance. Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained. Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance. Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing (or ‘flight servicing’ when applied to aircraft) is the maintenance needed after a period of use, e.g. a flight, plus preparation for the next period of use. Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Regular maintenance to: Servicing Keep the aircraft in a sound overall condition. Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Minimise random faults. Corrective Maintenance Minimise the amount of routine day to day attention needed. Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Some aircraft parts are continuously monitored using non-destructive testing (NDT) e.g.X-rays or Spectrum Oil Analyzed Particles (SOAP) techniques until a condition that needs attention is revealed. Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Scheduled or condition-based maintenance that does not fit the maintenance cycle. Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Corrective maintenance is carried out when a fault occurs. Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance In war operations it may be necessary to relax maintenance standards, suspending scheduled and condition-based maintenance. Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Contingency Maintenance Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF: Preventive Maintenance Servicing Scheduled Maintenance Condition-based Maintenance Out-of-Phase Maintenance Corrective Maintenance Modifications are made to remedy any design faults that come to light. Contingency Maintenance Modifications

MOD Form 700 Series Every aircraft has an Aircraft Maintenance Data Log: MOD Form 700 Examples of some of the more important forms are: MOD Form 701 fuel and oil types, tyre pressures MOD Form 703 onboard software log MOD Form 725 flying log & fatigue data sheet MOD Form 725A air-to-air in flight refuelling MOD Form 705 flight servicing & fuel certificate There is no requirement to know specific form numbers.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING Chapter 2 Ground Handling Return to contents list exit

Ground Handling Handling Teams Aircraft arrivals and departures are attended by two tradesmen known as the handling team.

Ground Handling FOD = Foreign Object Damage - objects which have the potential to damage aircraft either by being sucked into an engine, blown by jet efflux into another aircraft, or damaging aircraft tyres.

Ground Handling Marshalling - the aim of the marshaller is to assist the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground.

Ground Handling Marshalling at night - navigation lights must be on (red & green on the wingtips, white on the tail). - taxi lights should be used, but care should be taken not to dazzle the marshaller.

Ground Handling Danger Zones -areas around engine intakes and exhausts - areas near propellers - areas close to helicopter rotors

Ground Handling Danger Zones -areas around engine intakes and exhausts - areas near propellers - areas close to helicopter rotors Note that with helicopters, strong gusts of wind can cause blade sailing bringing the rotating blades closer to the ground than normal.

Ground Handling Wheel and brake fires - stand forward or rearward of the wheels depending upon the wind, but never in line with the axle. - spray extinguishant so that the flow strikes the ground 0.3 metres away from the wheels.

Ground Handling Refuelling Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight to prevent condensation in the empty tank. Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor) prevents sparks from static electricity during refuelling. Fire is a real risk during refuelling. Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.

Ground Handling Refuelling Pressure refuelling (where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure) dramatically reduces refuelling time.

Ground Handling Refuelling Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches the required level.

Ground Handling Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS AVTUR AVTAG AVCAT

Ground Handling Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG. AVTUR Remember the middle ‘T’ for Turbine. AVTAG AVCAT

Ground Handling Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of Gasoline. AVTUR Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline. AVTAG AVCAT

Ground Handling Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS AVTUR is made from kerosene. AVTUR Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in kerosene to remember the link. AVTAG AVCAT

Ground Handling Aviation Fuel Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories: AVGAS AVTUR is made from kerosene. AVTUR Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in keRosene to remember the link. AVTAG AVCAT

Ground Handling Loading Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly distributed to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is within the limits. Overloading has the following effects: It increases the stalling speed and landing and take-off run. It reduces the rate of climb. It reduces range and endurance.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING Chapter 3 Preparation for Flight Return to contents list exit

Preparation for Flight The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP. It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that: - he and his crew are fully prepared for the flight. - all the necessary information to ensure the safe navigation of the aircraft has been obtained. - that he and his crew have read and understood all of the relevant order books.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING