Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Perception

2. Perception • Obtaining information by looking, listening, touching, & other forms of observation. • To achieve locomotion (moving), you need perception. • Looking: spatial orientation, spatial updating • Listening: objects can be identified by the sounds they make, the sounds they reflect, & the sounds produced from their interaction with objects such as a long cane. • Touching: • Cutaneous sense: feelings of pressure, vibration, temperature, pain, etc. • Proprioception: detecting relative positions and movements of parts of the body.

3. Perception cont. • Pedestrian safety depends on proficiently adjusting your movements based on your perception of the environment. • Perception & knowledge are interrelated: • Procedural knowledge: Knowing how and when to do things (different cane skills). • Episodic knowledge: knowing an area (increased speed w/familiarity, knowledge of environmental hazards and their location.) • Conceptual knowledge: knowledge of general patterns (layout and traffic patterns of typical intersections). • Successful O&M depends on good object-to-object relationships and self-to-object relationships.

4. Perception cont. • Perceptual demands on nonvisual street crossings have increased dramatically over the last few years (curbs to curb cuts, diesel to electric, volume of traffic, increased volume of traffic, etc.)

5. Chapter 2 • Establishing and Maintaining Orientation for Mobility

6. Spatial Orientation • 4 fundamental aspects: • Information gathering • Use of strategies for following simple routes • Use of cognitive maps • Problem solving skills