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The Shift to a Multi-Polar World: Examining Global Powers, Influence, and Challenges

Explore the transition to a multi-polar global order, with a focus on the role of the United States, other contenders for global power, and the importance of soft power in shaping international dynamics.

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The Shift to a Multi-Polar World: Examining Global Powers, Influence, and Challenges

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  1. Chapter 10Moving to a Multi-Polar World (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  2. Moving to a Multi-Polar World • Britain as a global power • World War I – Empires splinter • World War II – US and USSR emerge as two superpowers • Cold War • Disintegration of the USSR (1991) leaves the US as the sole superpower • Non-Aligned Movement • Remained neutral during the Cold War (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  3. The American Era • United States as a superpower • Two sources of power: • Economic sphere • The US$19 trillion (GDP 2017) economy, less than 2 times that of the next biggest, PRC • Military sphere • The US military budget in 2018 was about $825 billion • More than that of the next six NATO members combined (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  4. US Using Its Military and Economic Power Military Power • Unilateral interventions • Eg., Grenada, Libya, Panama, Sudan • Covert action • Eg., Cuba, Chile, Nicaragua Economic Power • Trade and dominance of US MNCs • Economic sanctions as foreign policy • Extra territoriality – reach of influence (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  5. Implicit Power • Media reach around the globe • Influencing views • Influence of universities • Intellectual reach, students Response of the Weak • Powerlessness of poor countries • Venezuela challenges regionally • Anti-American sentiment • Al Qaeda – non-state actors • Nations’ grouping as collective power (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  6. Multilateral Institutions • The United Nations • Security Council with veto powers, General Assembly • Power depends on members allowing it to act • Agencies of the UN • IMF, World Bank and WTO • Control of decision making, conditionalities • Voting power (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  7. Contenders For Other Poles • China • Size, economic and military buildup, has ambition • European Union • Size, economic vs military strength, lacks one political voice • Japan • Economic size, pacifist, lacks ambition • Russia • Former glory, ambition, regional influences • Other regional voices: Turkey, India, South Africa (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

  8. Taking a System Perspective • Hard versus soft power • In the future, it is soft power that counts (Nye) • “…the ability to attract and co-opt rather than coerce, use force or give money as a means of persuasion.” • Interaction of business, economic, and political domains will drive the actions of the powers • Contrasting visions: US liberalism versus Chinese state direction (c) C. Gopinath, 2018

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