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Bonds, elements and H 2 0 Oh my!

Unit 1 Review. Water and Carbon are life. Bonds, elements and H 2 0 Oh my!. Macromolecules 101. Name that molecule. Macromolecules 201. 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 20 20 30 30 30 30 30 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50. O. H. H. H. H. H. C. H. 1 - 10. Type of bond illustrated…. O.

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Bonds, elements and H 2 0 Oh my!

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  1. Unit 1 Review Water and Carbon are life Bonds, elements and H20 Oh my! Macromolecules 101 Name that molecule Macromolecules 201 1010101010 2020202020 3030303030 40 4040 4040 5050505050

  2. O H H H H H C H 1 - 10 Type of bond illustrated…

  3. O H H H H H C H a 1-10 Covalent – sharing of a pair of electrons

  4. 1-20 These 4 elements make up 96% of living organisms

  5. a1-20 Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen

  6. 1-30 • 12C  normal ( protons, neutrons) • 13C  ( protons, neutrons) • 14C  ( protons, neutrons) • These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called __________________.

  7. a1-30 • 12C  normal (6 protons, 6 neutrons) • 13C  (6 protons, 7neutrons) • 14C  (6 protons, 8 neutrons) • These atoms represent a carbon in different forms called Isotopes

  8. 1-40 – What type of bond is shown between these Water molecules?? + H – + H + –  – + Figure 3.2

  9. – + Hydrogenbonds H – + H + –  – + Figure 3.2 a1-40

  10. 1-50 Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is Battery acid compared to Rain water?? Which has a higher proportion Of OH- ions??

  11. pH Scale 0 1 Battery acid 2 Digestive (stomach) juice, lemon juice Vinegar, beer, wine, cola 3 Increasingly Acidic [H+] > [OH–] 4 Tomato juice 5 Black coffee Rainwater 6 Urine Neutral [H+] = [OH–] 7 Pure water Human blood 8 Seawater 9 10 Increasingly Basic [H+] < [OH–] Milk of magnesia 11 Household ammonia 12 Household bleach 13 Oven cleaner 14 Figure 3.8 a1-50 Battery acid has a pH of 1 And rain water a pH of 5. How many times more acidic is Battery acid compared to Rain water?? 10,000 Which has a higher proportion Of OH- ions?? Rain water

  12. Figure 3.4 2-10 What property of water is illustrated below…

  13. A2-10 • Surface tension • Is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid • Is related to cohesion

  14. Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable Figure 3.5 2-20 Which is more dense liquid Water or ice?? Why?

  15. A2-20 • The hydrogen bonds in ice • Are more “ordered” than in liquid water, making ice less dense

  16. 2-30 Water can dissolve anything That is ____________.

  17. Negative oxygen regions of polar water molecules are attracted to sodium cations (Na+). – Na+ + + – + – – Na+ Positive hydrogen regions of water molecules cling to chloride anions (Cl–). – + + Cl – Cl– + – – + – + – – Figure 3.6 A2-30 • The different regions of the polar water molecule can interact with ionic compounds called solutes and dissolve them

  18. 2-40 ______________ are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

  19. H H H C H H C H H H H H H H (a) Structural isomers C C C C H C H H C H C C H H H H H H H H H X X X C C C C (b) Geometric isomers X H H H CO2H CO2H C C (c) Enantiomers H H NH2 NH2 CH3 CH3 Figure 4.7 A-C A2-40 • Isomers • Are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

  20. 2-50 • Name that functional group… O OH C OH O H N P OH O H OH

  21. A2-50 Hydroxyl Carboxyl O OH C OH Amine Phosphate O H N P OH O H OH

  22. 3-10 1 HO H 3 2 H HO Unlinked monomer Short polymer H2O What processes are happening here?? 1 2 3 4 HO H Longer polymer 1 3 HO 4 2 H H2O 1 2 H HO 3 H HO

  23. 1 3 HO 4 2 H 1 HO H 3 2 H HO Unlinked monomer Short polymer Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond H2O Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond H2O 1 2 3 4 HO H 1 2 H HO 3 H HO Longer polymer (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer Figure 5.2A Figure 5.2B A3-10

  24. 3-20 State the empirical formula for a carbohydrate. Explain what such a formula means.

  25. A3-20 • (CH2O)n Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen

  26. 3-30 Which one of the 4 types of macromolecules is shown below… O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Figure 5.11

  27. A3-30 Lipid – AKA - Fat molecule (triacylglycerol) t O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

  28. 3-40 What parts make up a Neutral Fat (Triglycerides or Triacylglyycerols)

  29. H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C H C H O H C C C C C C C C C HO H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C OH Fatty acid (palmitic acid) H C OH H Glycerol (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat Ester linkage O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O C H C C C C C C C H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H C O C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H Figure 5.11 (b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol) A3-40 1 glycerol 3 fatty acid molecules

  30. 3-50 What structure is shown?? What side is hydrophobic? What side is hydrophilic? Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important?

  31. + CH2 Choline N(CH3)3 CH2 O Phosphate Hydrophilic head – P O O O CH2 CH CH2 Glycerol O O C O C O Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Hydrophobic tails (c) Phospholipid symbol (b) Space-filling model Figure 5.13 (a) Structural formula A3-50 What structure is shown?? Phospholipid What side is hydrophobic? Fatty Acid tail What side is hydrophilic? Phosphate head Where in our bodies is this molecule VERY important? Cell Membrane

  32. 4-10 Water “Loving” Water “Hating” What terms are given to molecules that have an affinity for or against water molecules?

  33. A4-10 Hydrophilic Hydrophobic

  34. 4-20 Name 3 significant uses for proteins

  35. A4-20 • Enzymes  reactions • Energy  although not preferred • Immunity  antibodies • Structure / Support  muscle, tendon, etc. • Hormones  insulin, epinephrine, prolactin • Carriers  hemoglobin carries O2

  36. 4-30 What structure is shown below? What are the 2 functional groups that are found in all of these structures?

  37. A4-30 Amino Acid Amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH)

  38. 4-40 Describe the 1st 2 of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein, and explain what forces are involved at each level.

  39. A4-40 Primarysequence of amino acids • held together by peptide bonds Secondary segments of the polypeptide fold and coil in patterns • alpha helices • beta sheets • What forces? • H-Bonds

  40. 4-50 Describe the 3rd level of the 4 levels of organization possible in a protein, and explain what forces are involved in that level.

  41. Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waalsinteractions CH CH2 CH2 H3C CH3 OH Polypeptidebackbone H3C CH3 Hyrdogenbond CH O HO C CH2 CH2 S S CH2 Disulfide bridge O -O C CH2 CH2 NH3+ Ionic bond A4-50 Tertiary bends and twists cause a three dimensional shape. • a. nonpolar R groups group together away from the polypeptide • b. H-bonds can form between polar R groups • c. 2 sulfhydryl groups can form a disulfide bridge • d. charged R groups can attract or repel

  42. 5-10 What type of macromolecule is shown?? What 3 monomers make up the macromolecule??

  43. A5-10 • Nucleic Acid • 5-carbon sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogenous base • DNA & RNA

  44. 5-20 What specific type of macromolecule is shown??

  45. A5-20 Lipid- saturated fatty acid

  46. 5-30 What specific type of monomer are shown?? What type of macromolecule would a polymer of these structures produce? Why might these molecules produce a smelly odor?

  47. A5-30 Monomer – Amino Acid Polymer – Protein They contain sulfur

  48. 5-40 What specific type of structure is shown?? What macromolecule does this structure represent?

  49. A5-40 What specific type of structure is shown?? Phospholipid What macromolecule does this structure represent? Lipid

  50. 5-50 Where on this molecule is the peptide bond that is holding the 2 amino acids together??

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