Explorations In and Out of the Atlantic

1. Explorations In and Out of the Atlantic The Fabrication of America The Rationales for its Exploitation

2. To Compete Against other European Countries for commerce with the East To gain knowledge of The Other for the purpose of controlling To gain knowledge for riches To expand boundaries Purposes of Exploration

3. Italian Cosmographer, wrote two letters to the Medici family Vespucci accepted South America as a new continent, not part of Asia. Consequently cosmography was radically altered, and in 1507, with the publication of Martin Waldseemüller's Cosmographiae introductio, the name America first appeared as applied to the continent. Amerigo Vespucci

4. Geography and Exploration • The Voyages were defined by the trade winds of the Atlantic • Departing Route was Shorter • Returning route took longer • Brazil to Africa 30 Days • Distance gave officials greater local authority

5. The Iberians’ right to conquest: • a)      Serious discussion over the nature of the Amerindians and their treatment • b)Aristotle’s theory of natural slavery • c)Indian’s inferiority • d)War for the Pope

6. 1492 - Columbus sets sail. 1494 - The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world between Spain and Portugal for the alleged purpose of spreading Christianity. 1497-98 - Vasco da Gama rounds the Cape of Good Hope and reaches India. 1497 - John Cabot sites "new found land" while searching for Northwest Passage. 1506 - Christopher Columbus dies. 1512 - Begins construction of double-deck warships. 1513- Juan Ponce de León reaches Florida 1513 - Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the South Sea  1522 - September 6, eighteen of Magellan's crew and one ship return. 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazano sails to North America in name of a French Company  1527- Cabeza de Vaca joined an expedition to Florida 1577 - Sir Francis Drake sets sail from England. He circumnavigates the globe.  1609 - Henry Hudson explores present-day New York and Hudson River and claims them for the Dutch. Explorations Timeline 1406 - Ptolemy's geography is introduced in Europe. 1432 - Portuguese navigators discover the Azores. 1441 - Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish slave trade. ca. 1450 - Prince Henry the Navigator establishes a Naval observatory for the teaching of navigation, astronomy, and cartography. 1450 - Invention of the printing press spurs wide distribution of navigation tables and ship plans. Ptolemy's geography is published and widely accepted. 1453 - Turks overrun Constantinople, shutting off the overland trade route. 1470-84 - Portuguese explorations discover Africa's Gold Coast and the Congo River.  1487 - Bartholomeu Dias barely touches the Cape of Good Hope.

7. Juan Ponce de León • In 1493 he joined Columbus on his 2nd voyage to the Americas. After that he settled on a Caribbean island named Hispaniola to improve his fortunes and start a warlike life. At that time on Hispaniola he became a military commander and a deputy governor. In 1506, he sailed to a close-by island named Borinque which was renamed San Juan, and later Puerto Rico. He became that island's governor two years later. Still wanting more wealth, power, and glory, Ponce de Leon begged and persuaded the king to grant him men and ships to search for the infamous "fountain of youth". • In his unwise quest, he became the European discoverer of Florida, which he named "Pascua de Florida" (feast of flowers) after a Spanish Easter holiday, he landed here on Easter Sunday. He explored the peninsula between 1513 and 1521. Discovering Florida is what he is most famous for. People were overwhelmed to hear about his death in his last battle he fought in, which was with Calusa Indians in Florida.

8. Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Getting to the South Sea • After sailing with Bastidas in 1501, Balboa probably went to Hispaniola. In 1510, fleeing from creditors, he hid on the vessel that took Enciso to Panamá. After reaching Darién, Balboa took command, deposed the incompetent Enciso, and sent him to Spain as a prisoner. Balboa showed only rarely the rapacity and cruelty characteristic of the conquistador. He won the friendship of the indigenous people, who accompanied him on his epic march across the isthmus. Toward the end of Sept., 1513, he discovered the South Sea, later renamed the Pacific Ocean and claimed it and all shores washed by it for the Spanish crown. His discovery came too late to offset Enciso's complaints at the court of Spain. Balboa was replaced by Pedro Arias de Ávila, and while preparing an expedition to Peru, he was summarily seized, accused of treason, and beheaded.

9. Early Fernando de Magallanes • Born into Portuguese aristocracy around 1480 in Oporto, Portugal, Ferdinand knew little of ships and geography until sent to school at coastal Lisbon's Royal Palace as a curious teenager. Christopher Columbus was just returning from the "New World" with tales of discovery that fascinated him. Soon Vasco de Gama proved you could reach India by way of Africa. When de Gama was ordered to return with 21 ships and setup trading forts, the 20-something Magellan used his influence to join up as an ordinary seaman. After distinguishing himself in several battles, he was ultimately given command of one of the remaining 11 vessels outside Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka) in 1509. On that voyage, he was to get as far east as Malacca in current day Malaysia and wound up returning as a full captain. Soon, his earlier experiences would dovetail with Amerigo Vespucci's S. American trek tale and Vasco Nunez de Balboa's Pacific Ocean sighting to make him increasingly restless. Magellan was convinced that sailing WEST from Portugal could produce similar -- or even better -- trading route access.

10. Magallanes in Spain • Unfortunately, his own King Manuel laughed at such a "foolhardy" idea. So, just after his 37th birthday, Magellan struck out from the nation of his for birth to curry favor from King Charles' Court in Spain. In the time it took to convince the Spanish Monarch and his court to approve his scheme, he'd given up his Portuguese citizenship and married a Spanish lady. {Dona Beatriz would ultimately bear him two sons who would both die young.} Manuel eventually grew jealous of what his Iberian rival Charles could be laying claim to and tried to sabotage the voyage. He could slow but not derail the excursion, which finally began one sunny afternoon in mid-September, 1519

11. Going Around the Globe • September 20, 1519 Sailed west from Spain with five vessels in search of a waterway through South America • October 21, 1520 Entered the Straits of All Saints, which was later named the Strait of Magellan, a channel between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans • 1520 Named the archipelago at the southernmost tip of South America Tierra del Fuego (Spanish for "Land of Fire") after the campfires that dotted the shore • November 28, 1520 Emerged from the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean • April 27, 1521 Was killed in battle on Mactan, Philippines • September 6, 1522 Captain Juan Sebastián del Cano returned the remaining ship and crew to Spain, completing the voyage around the world. • Because Magellan had been further east on previous voyages, his 1521 arrival in the Philippines technically made him the first man to circumnavigate the earth. • Magellan's expedition proved definitively that the earth is a sphere, and that all its oceans are connected. • Patagonia derives its name from patagões (Portuguese for "big feet"), the name Magellan gave the foot coverings worn by the local people. • Magellan named the Pacific Ocean for its calm waters. • During the voyage across the Pacific, food supplies ran so low that the men ate boiled leather, sawdust, and rats to survive.

12. The End of the Long Trip • Of the five ships that sailed just short of three years before, only the battered Victoria made it back safely to Seville, Spain on September 8, 1522. A mere 18 toothless and dark Europeans and four hitch-hiking Pacific & Indian Ocean natives made it back alive. That one ship was full of enough spices and cargo to fund the entire expedition. Juan Sebastian de Del Cano, almost executed early on as a mutineer, was the captain at that end and reaped many rewards like a royal coat of arms and a lifetime pension. However, because Ferdinand Magellan had commanded this expedition and previously sailed to the general area of the Spice Islands from the other direction, he is rightly considered the first human to circumnavigate the globe.

13. Giovanni da Verrazano • Verrazzano was born near Florence. • He worked at the service of Francis I of France, and sailed to North America in 1524. On the voyage, he sought the Northwest Passage to China. He did not find the passage. But he explored the eastern coast of North America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland. Verrazzano later made two more voyages to the New World. Historians believe that during the second of these voyages, he was killed by Indians in the Caribbean region for abusing their trust. • The name of Acadia can be traced to the discoveries of Giovanni de Verrazzano, who explored the coast of North American

14. Álvarez Núñez Cabeza de Vaca • He was the first European to describe the American buffalo, or bison. In 1527, Cabeza joined an expedition to Florida. After landing, he became separated from the ships. Cabeza and a 300 companions, including the black explorer Estevanico, sailed on a barge from northern Florida to an island off the Texas coast. They lived with Indians for several years before reaching northwestern Mexico on foot. The explorers' reports that great wealth lay north of Mexico attracted other Spanish explorers to the area, including Francisco Coronado and Hernando de Soto. • Cabeza was imprisoned and persecuted for suspicions that he had become a friend of the Natives. • He later became governor of Paraguay, but was opposed by white colonists for being too good to the natives.

15. Henry Hudson • He made four voyages from London in an attempt to discover a northern route between Europe and Asia. Hudson never found such a sea passage, but he sailed farther north than any previous explorer. He explored three North American waterways later named for him--the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait.