Chapter 7: Cell Structure and function

1. Chapter 7: Cell Structure and function 7.1 Life is cellular

2. Cells: Tiny units that comprise all organisms Microscopic (too small to see by eye) Less than 100 µm in diameter (0.00010 m or 0.1mm)

3. 7.2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure What are the major cell structures? What are their functions?

4. These websites provide visual and spoken descriptions of cells and their parts.www.cellsalive.comwww.learngenetics.utah (cell link).

5. Check your knowledge by completing the questions in the next slides. If your answers are incorrect, then use the information on the slide itself or the surrounding slides to correct your understanding.. Select “view slide show, starting from this slide” from the tool bar above to see your answer after you have attempted to answer it!

6. 7.1 #11 In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs. 20 • tissues • Organ systems • organelles • Organ systems

7. Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain membrane bound organelles in the cells Prokaryoteeukaryote Naked DNA DNA in membrane bound nucleus Ribosomes ribosomes Cytoplasm cytoplasm (cytosol) Cytoskeleton cytoskeleton Plasma membrane plasma membrane Cell wall (some) Cell wall (some protists, all plants, & fungi) Flagella & cilia (some) flagella & cilia (some) All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts

8. Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs) Cells in a leaf cells in gut Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom protists

9. 7.1 #12 Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)? 10 • bacteria • protists • Fungi like yeasts & molds • Mushroom-bearing fungi • Plants like trees • Animals like brine shrimp or small insects

10. Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria. Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria. Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells.

11. 7.2 #2 Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed). Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls? • Animal • Archaebacteria • Eubacteria • Fungi • Protists • plants

12. 7.2 #3 The job of a cell wall is to: • Protect and provide support • Allow cells to photosynthesize • Surround the cytoplasm

13. 7.2 #4 Cell walls in plants are made out of? • chitin • cellulose • Phospholipid bilayers • Peptidoglycan • proteins

14. 7.2 #5 Which structure is found in (specific to)a plant cell,but not an animal cell. 20 • Chloroplasts • lysosomes • mitochondria • Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) • Smooth ER (SER) • Cell walls

15. 7.2 #6 Which is the organelle that holds thecells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell? 20 • centriole • mitochondria • nucleolus • Nucleus • cytoplasm

16. 7.2 #7 What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center? 20 • DNA • carbohydrates • proteins • Lipids • RNA

17. 7.2 #11 When you view eukaryotic cells vialight microscopy, you see a small dark, denseregion inside the nucleus. It is called the: 20 • ribosome • nucleolus • nucleoplasm • Nuclear membrane • Nuclear pore

18. 7.2 #12 These organelles are assembled in nucleoli. 15 • golgi • ribosomes • vacuoles • lysosomes

19. 7.2 #13 The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of ___________ surrounding the nucleus. 20 • proteins • Nucleic acids • carbohydrates • phospholipids

20. 7.2 #14 The structure composed of a networkof protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, &moving organelles inside the cell is the: 20 • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Cytoskeleton • Cilium, flagellum

21. 7.2 #16 What is the difference between Roughendoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER? 30 • SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell • RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell • SER is a tube made of cell membrane • Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins.

22. 7.2#17 Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes? 30 • Contain enzymes to make lipids • Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins • Modify proteins • Store genetic information

23. 7.2 #18 Ribosomes 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

24. 7.2 #19 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

25. 7.2 #20 Golgi apparatus: 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

26. 7.2 #21 Lysosomes: 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

27. 7.2 #22 Vacuoles: 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

28. 7.2 #23 Chloroplasts: 30 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

29. 7.2 #24 Mitochondria: 20 • Use light energy to make carbohydrates • Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. • Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food • Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins • Are membrane sacs used for storage • Synthesize proteins following gene instructions • Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles.

30. 7.2 #25 What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis? 20 • autotrophic bacteria • Plants & plant like protists • Animals & animal like protists • Fungi & fungal like protists

31. 7.2 #26 True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts have the same function in cells. 15 • true • false

32. 7.2 #27 Check your drawing against this labeled diagram for a plant cell

33. 7.2 #28 What two organelles contain theirown genetic information in the form of smallcircular DNA molecules called plasmids? This is evidence that prokaryotes were ancestors of eukaryotes during evolution. 15 • Golgi, nucleoi • Mitochondria, chloroplasts (this is the answer) • RER, SER • Centrioles, flagella

34. 7.2 #29 Endosymbiotic theory states thatthe ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes thatescaped digestion after being eatenby ancient animal-like bacteria. 30 • Nuclei & nucleoli • RER, SER • Flagella, cilia • Chloroplasts, mitochondria

35. Cells are like factoriesanalogies Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main office Ribosome—makes proteins using blueprints from DNA (like a machine in a factory) Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shop Chloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace)

36. 7.2 #33 If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’scustomization department. What cell organelles serve this customizationfunction for proteins? 20 • Nucleus, nucleolus • Mitochondria, vacuoles • RER, golgi

37. 7.2 #36, 37 find organelles in plant and animal cells with these diagrams

38. Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water? 20 • To store water for use when the soil is dry • To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure) • Both 1 & 3

39. What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts? 20 • Central vacuoles • vesicles • golgi • mitochondria

40. What is the job of a mitochondrian? 20 • Convert light energy to chemical energy • Store carbohydrates • Break down & recycle wastes • Convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells, ATP

41. Which cells contain mitochondria? 20 • Prokaryotic cells • Animal cells • Plant cells • Fungal cells • Protist cells • Cells in all eukaryotic kingdoms

42. What cells contain chloroplasts? 20 • Photosynthetic bacteria • Plants & plant like protists • Animals & animal like protists • Fungi & fungal like protists

43. 7.1, 1. What structures make upevery living thing? • tissues • organs • Cells • Organ systems

44. 7.1,2. In the 1600’s Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to see: • Little creatures in pond water • bacteria • Organelles • viruses

45. 7.13 Hooke observed cork comprised of the cell walls of plant cells that remain after the cells have died. He saw: • Empty microscopic compartments that reminded him of monks tiny sleeping rooms, called cells. • Complex, thick walled areas that reminded him of rooms in a jail, called cells.

46. 7.14 and 5Scientist Schleiden concluded all plants are made of cells, whereas Schwann concluded all animals are made of cells. • True • False

47. 7.16Virchow concluded that human cells arise by mitosis, but that bacteria and fungus cells arise by spontaneous generation. • True • False

48. 7.1, #7After many scientists observed cells in every examined organism, cell theory developed: Cells are the basic units of organisms. e.g., Humans contain nearly 100 trillion cells All organisms are made from cells, no matter how complex the organism. specialized cellstissuesorgansorgansystemsorganism humans contain 220 types of specialized cells Cells arise due to division of other similar cells.

49. Cells carry out all of the functions that your body carries out, at a simpler level. • Exchange gases • Obtain nutrients & water & remove wastes • Move • Respond & communicate • Transport Materials in/out & throughout • Self-defense • Reproduction

50. Our bodies use organs & organ systems for these functions, but cells use organelles. 7.1 #11 Organelles: Little Organs Specialized parts of cells that carry out particular functions for the cell.