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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires. Timeline. The Hebrews: “The Children of Israel”. Hebrew Bible – Old Testament Descendants of Abraham Migration to Egypt Slaves of Pharaohs Moses leads them out of Egypt (Exodus) 12 Tribes Troubles with the Philistines

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires

  2. Timeline

  3. The Hebrews: “The Children of Israel” • Hebrew Bible – Old Testament • Descendants of Abraham • Migration to Egypt • Slaves of Pharaohs • Moses leads them out of Egypt (Exodus) • 12 Tribes • Troubles with the Philistines • Origins of United Kingdom (c. 1200 – c. 1000 B.C.)

  4. Chronology: The Israelites

  5. The United Kingdom • Saul (c. 1020 – 1000 B.C.) • David (c. 1000 – 970 B.C.) • Solomon (c. 970 – 930 B.C.) • Temple of Jerusalem • Arc of the Covenant

  6. Map 2.1: Palestine in the First Millennium B.C.

  7. The Divided Kingdom • Kingdom of Israel • 10 Northern Tribes • Capital in Samaria • Kingdom of Judah • 2 Southern Tribes • Capital in Jerusalem • Assyria conquers Kingdom of Israel (722 B.C.) • Chaldeans conquered Kingdom of Judah (586 B.C.) • Jerusalem Destroyed • Babylonian Captivity

  8. Spiritual Dimensions of Israel • Yahweh (Monotheism) • Covenant, Law and Prophets • Covenant with Yahweh • Laws • 10 Commandments • Regulation of economic, social and political life of all Hebrews • Prophets • Yahweh’s voice to his people • Universalism and Social Justice • Separation between Jews and non-Jews

  9. The Social Structure of the Hebrews • Social Patterns • Family was the central social institution of Hebrew life • Marriage and Women • Monogamy versus Polygamy • Dependence of women on men • Goal of marriage was the production of children

  10. The Neighbors of the Israelites • Philistines • Phoenicians • Trade • Colonies throughout the Mediterranean • Carthage • Transmitters of Culture • Alphabet

  11. Table 2.1: A Comparison of the Phoenician, Greek, and Latin Alphabets

  12. Map 2.2: The Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Empires

  13. The Assyrian Empire • Semitic Language • Iron Weapons • Ashurbanipal (669 – 626 B.C.E.) • Governing the Empire • Absolute Kings • Well-Organized Empire • Military • Size • Discipline • Weapons • Tactics • Terror

  14. Ashurbanipal Destroys an Elamite City

  15. Assyrian Society and Culture • Imported Prisoners of War • Language • Religion • Agriculture • Trade • Middlemen • Hybrid Culture • Guardians of Sumerian and Babylonian Culture • Art • Relief Sculptures

  16. King Ashurbanipul’s Lion Hunt

  17. The Neo-Babylonian Empire • Rise of the Chaldeans • Reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (625 – 605 B.C.) • Economic Prosperity • The City of Babylon • Fall of Babylon to Persians (539 B.C.)

  18. The Persian Empire • Cyrus the Great (559 – 530 B.C.) • Conquered Kingdom of Lydia (c. 547 B.C.) • Conquered Greek city-states • Conquered Mesopotamia (539 B.C.) • Cambyses (530 – 522 B.C.) • Conquered Egypt • Darius the Great (521 – 486) • Western India • Ionian Revolt in Asia Minor • Invasion and Defeat in Greece (490 B.C.)

  19. Map 2.3: The Persian Empire at the Time of Darius

  20. Governing the Empire • Satrapies • Satraps were of Persian descent • Major satrapies went to princes of the king’s family • Minor satrapies went to Persian nobles • Communications • Royal Road from Sardis to Susa

  21. Panel in glazed brick at the Ishtar Gate

  22. The Great King • Regent of the god Ahuramazda • Palaces • Gap between ruler and ruled • Military Power • 10,000 Immortals

  23. Persian Religion • Zoroastrianism • Zoroaster (born c. 660 B.C.) • Monotheistic • Ahuramazda • Ahriman (Evil Spirit) • Struggle between good and evil • Last Judgment

  24. Discussion Questions • How was ancient Judaism different from other ancient near-eastern religions? What impact did this have on ancient Hebrew history? • What legacy did the ancient Hebrews leave to Western Civilization? • Why were the Assyrians so successful in subjugating their neighbors? • What role did terror play in Assyrian military tactics? • How were the Persians able to conquer and maintain their large empire? • How did Zoroastrianism influence religions that came later?

  25. Web Links • Internet Jewish History Sourcebook • The Old Testament and the Ancient Near East • ABZU: Internet Guide to the Ancient Near East • Ancient Mesopotamia and the Levant • Hittite Homepage • Cyrus the Great • AVESTA: Zoroastrian Archives

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