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DDT Pro

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DDT Pro

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    1. DDT Pro’s and Con’s in Africa By Nuong T. Tran Class: Intro. To Environmental Science

    2. What is DDT? DDT was the first modern pesticide and is arguably the most well known organic pesticide. DDT is also known under the chemical names 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (from which the abbreviation was derived).

    3. Thought question: How many Africans die of Malaria daily? World Health Organization (WHO) & United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), say the death toll from malaria remains outrageously high - with more than 3,000 African children dying daily. An estimated two million people in Africa die from malaria each year and most of these are children under 5 years old (1). About 90% of all malaria deaths in the world today occur in Africa south of the Sahara. The majority of infections in Africa are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous of the four human malaria parasites. The most effective malaria vector - the mosquito Anopheles gambiae - is the most widespread in Africa and the most difficult to control.

    4. Thought Question: Why is Malaria infection particularly deadly to children and pregnant women? In areas of stable malaria transmission, very young children and pregnant women are the population groups at highest risk for malaria morbidity and mortality. Most children experience their first malaria infections during the first year or two of life when they have not yet acquired adequate clinical immunity - which makes these early years particularly dangerous. Ninety percent of all malaria deaths in Africa occur in young children. Adult women in areas of stable transmission have a high level of immunity, but this is impaired especially in the first pregnancy, with the result that risk of infection increases.

    5. How do mosquitoes transmit malaria to humans?

    6. Africa as a Target Zone for Malaria

    7. Insecticide Use in Southern Africa

    8. Malaria Endemic/Epidemic Area in Africa

    9. DDT Pro’s in Africa DDT is a cheap and effective way of preventing malaria. Mosquitoes have became increasingly resistant to substitute chemicals. Small amounts kill just about every insect. Cheap to produce, easy to ship, and does not require the extensive safety gear of other insecticides. Even when mosquitoes start to become resistant, DDT acts still as a repellent and irritant. DDT has prevented 500 million human deaths due to malaria. DDT is not a carcinogenic hazard to man and is not a mutagenic or teratogenic hazard to man.

    10. DDT Pro’s Continued…. DDT is not absorbed through the skin. Other eco- friendly solutions to malaria are less effective, more expensive, harder to administer or inadequate on their own. DDT is less expensive than the cheapest alternative. South Africa (the richest African nation) have pursued alternatives They did and then switched back.

    11. DDT Con’s in Africa DDT hurts the environment because it gets into the water supply and is ingested by plants and animals. No international aid agency that will help fund DDT use. DDT is slow to breakdown (toxic for up to 1 year). DDT should not be used to spray crops because of its persistence. The harm attributed to DDT was because it was mixed with other high toxic substances. DDT could be implicated in pre- term delivery and low birth weight in pregnant women. DDT is persistent and doesn’t breakdown on crops and tends to accumulate in the environment.

    12. Conclusion: Should international agencies help fund the use of DDT in Africa or sit back and let million of people die? I believe that when it comes to saving people from malaria in Africa, where piles of body bags are being buried daily, the reintroduction of DDT would be the cheapest & most effective solution. (3,000 deaths daily equals 2 million deaths a year). Other alternative pesticides have been more expensive & not as effective. If DDT is not used in Africa to spray crops then the effects of DDT will be less harmful to humans and the environment.

    13. Works Cited Gourevitch, Alexander. “Better Living Through Chemistry.” Washington Monthly (1982- 2003):19-23 pp. 20 Mar 2006 http://academics.eckerd.edu/instructor/carlsopr/Papers/ddt3.pdf. World Health Organization. “Africa Malaria Report.” (2003): 1-6 pp. 18 Mar 2006 http://www.rbm.who.int/amd2003/amr2003/ch1.htm. Yahoo pictures on Malaria http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?_adv_prop=images&imgsz=all&imgc=&vf=all&va=malaria&fr=FP-tab-web-t&ei=UTF-8

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