first aid

1. First Aid

2. First Aid First aid is an emergency medical treatment for somebody who is ill or injured,given before more thorough medical attention can be obtained. 60% of Nigerians die at accident/incident scenes due to lack of an emergency medical treatment.

3. Primary Survey

4. Primary Survey The approach to any incident requires a Common Sense Planning The basic priority step of approaching an incident is called Primary Survey It is an easily remembered practice by using the letters � D R A B C

5. Primary Survey Remember � D R A B C

6.  D = Danger R = Response A = Airway B = Breathing C = Circulation

7. D Most accident scenes are uncontrolled and potentially dangerous Do not become a casualty yourself

8. Calling for Assistance Ask the bystanders to call for assistance

9. R Is the victim conscious� ?

10. Response SHOUT !!! and SHAKE No response?? Give painful stimuli

11. Airway Tongue is the most common of airway obstruction in an unconscious victim

12. Airway Head tilt chin lift

13. B Look , Listen, and Feel Is he breathing?

14. Breathing Observe for breathing Watch and feel the chest rise and fall Check breathing for 5 seconds

15. Breathing If patient is breathing Leave the patient on their side with the jaw supported

16. Breathing If patient is not breathing Turn on to their back Breathe for the patient Give two (2) initial breaths

17. C Check for the pulse, Is the pulse present? Any severe bleeding?

18. Circulation If the pulse is absent Commence CPR

19. Respiratory System

20. Respiratory SystemFrequency of breathing Normal healthy adult: 8-20 times/minute It will be increased when we run or do more physical work

21. Circulatory System

22. Circulatory System Heart Blood Vessels Blood

23. Circulatory System Heart To pump blood to whole tissues

24. Circulatory System Heart Heart beats 60-100 / minute If the heart stops pumping DEATH results!

25. Circulatory System Cardiac and Respiratory arrest can be caused by: Reduced O� in the atmosphere Airway obstruction Injury to the chest or head Heart attack Severe blood loss

26. Rescue Breathing

27. Rescue Breathing When?? If NO danger NO response Airway clean and open NO breathing

28. Rescue Breathing Procedure Place victim on their back Maintain an open airway

29. Rescue Breathing Procedure Check for breathing Occlude the nose Take a deep breath Seal your mouth over the victim�s mouth

30. Rescue Breathing Procedure Breathe into the victim slowly, take 2 seconds and watch for the chest to rise Remove your mouth from the victim�s mouth Give 2 initial breaths in 4 seconds before checking pulse

31. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation(CPR)

32. CPR When?? If No danger No response Airway clear and open No breathing No pulse

33. CPR Hand location Locate the lower end of the breastbone Place two fingers below where the ribs meet the breastbone Place the heel of one hand on the breastbone Place your other hand securely on top of the first hand

34. CPR Technique Compression technique uses the heel of the hand with the fingers locked and clear of the chest Keep your shoulder vertically over the victim�s chest Depth of compression: 4-5 cm Rate 100 compressions / minute

35. CPR Procedure One rescuer 2:15 2 ventilations : 15 compressions Rate 100 compressions / minute or 6-7 cycles/ minute

36. CPR Procedure Two rescuers First use one person CPR whilst the 2nd person gets help Then with 2 persons 1:5 1 ventilation : 5 compressions Rate 100 compressions/ minute or 16-18 cycles/minute

37. Recognition and Management of Bleeding

38. BleedingClassification Type: Internal bleeding External bleeding

39. Bleeding Management Protect yourself Direct pressure Elevation Pressure bandage Do NOT remove any imbedded object

40. Bleeding Management If bleeding continues, do not remove bandages, but apply an additional dressing on top of the old one.

41. Bleeding Management Always check pulse Check below the bandage to ensure circulation is not constricted Immobilize the part when possible

42. Managing the Unconscious Victim

43. Managing the Unconscious Victim Causes of unconsciousness: Lack of oxygen Chemical imbalance Trauma

44. Managing the Unconscious Victim Maintain a clear and open airway Monitor breathing and circulation Monitor vital signs Secondary survey Cover the victim with a blanket Never leave an unconscious victim unattended !

45. Fracture

46. Fracture Classification Closed fracture Open fracture Complicated

47. Fracture Signs and symptoms Pain Irregularity Loss of movement / function Swelling Discoloration Unnatural position of limb Tenderness at the site of injury Crepitus

48. Fracture Management Primary survey � DRABC Control bleeding if any Reassure the victim Make the victim comfortable in the position you found them Immobilize Seek medical assistance Splinting is only required when the patient has to be moved, or medical aid is longer than an hour away.

49. Head & Spinal Injury

50. Head Injury Common causes: Vehicle crash Fall from height Direct blow Sports injury

51. Head InjuryManagement Primary survey Keep the airway open and clear Control bleeding DO NOT remove victim if not in a life-threatening situation Reassure victim DO NOT allow victim to eat or drink Vital signs survey, monitor the alteration of consciousness state Seek medical services urgently

52. Spinal Injury Causes: Vehicle crash Fall from heights Violence Sports Others

53. Spinal Injury Management DO NOT remove the victim if not in life threatening situation wait for medical assistance DO NOT allow the victim to eat or drink