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Chapter 28- Waste Management

Chapter 28- Waste Management. Neel Sangal Stefani Spence Andrew Reed Joey Trinity. Sources of Waste. 1000 new chemicals marketed every year 70,000 currently on the market 35,000 of them are potentially harmful

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Chapter 28- Waste Management

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  1. Chapter 28- Waste Management

    Neel Sangal Stefani Spence Andrew Reed Joey Trinity
  2. Sources of Waste 1000 new chemicals marketed every year 70,000 currently on the market 35,000 of them are potentially harmful The US produces 700 million metric tons of hazardous chemical waste (hazardous waste)
  3. Another Source Buildings destroyed by fire/natural disaster paints/solvents/pesticides released when burned/buried Post-disaster cleanup = vital to waste management
  4. Waste Dumping 50% of America’s hazardous waste is indiscriminately dumped “midnight dumping” Scientists believe that hazardous waste management = the most important environmental problem in the US
  5. Uncontrolled Dumping Pollution of soil & groundwater Chemical waste stored in barrels that corrode and leak Liquid waste dumped into unlined lagoon percolates – reaches groundwater Liquid waste illegally dumped in fields/along roads
  6. Example Floodplain is a poor location for storing hazardous waste 1999- Floodplain of River Severn (England): fires causes 200 tons of chemicals to ignite into a huge fireball during a hurricane-strength storm Several days later the site flooded People adversely affected
  7. Example Love Canal 1953: Hooker Chemical Company donated the canal to city of Niagara Falls 1976-77: heavy precipitation – death of vegetation, formation of toxic pools Study showed high levels of carcinogens By 1990, $275 million spent to clean it up
  8. Table 28.1 Products and the Potentially Hazardous Waste They Generate Leather = heavy metals, organic solvents Medicines = heavy metals, organic solvents/residue Metals = heavy metals, fluorides, cyanides, acid/alkaline cleaners, solvents, pigments Oil/Gas/Petroleum = Oil, phenols/organic compounds, heavy metals, ammonia salts, acids Paints = heavy metals, pigments, solvents, organic residues Pesticides = organic chlorine/phosphate compounds Plastics = organic chlorine compounds Textiles = heavy metals, dyes, organic chlorine compounds, solvents

  9. Hazardous Waste Legislation

    28.7
  10. Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (1976) Classifies hazardous waste: Materials toxic to living things Wastes that may ignite upon exposure to air Extremely corrosive wastes Reactive unstable wastes (explosive, generates toxic gases when in water) Issues guidelines/obligations to those manufacturing/transporting/disposing of waste (“cradle to grave” management) Requires strict record-keeping
  11. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, & Liability Act (1980) Defined policies/procedures for release of hazardous waste into the environment (i.e. landfills) Required a list of sites where hazardous waste had/could cause environmental problems Established a fund (Superfund) to clean up the worst abandoned sites
  12. Amendments to CERCLA 1984 & 1986 Improved standards for disposal/cleanup Banned land disposal of certain chemicals (dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls) Initiated timetable for phasing out disposal of untreated liquid waste Increased Superfund
  13. Other Legislation Real estate Property owners can be held liable for cleanup, banks/lenders can be held liable for tenants’ release of hazardous material Superfund Amendment & Reauthorization Act (1986) Protects property owners if they complete an environmental audit before buying property Industries required to report release of hazardous waste Publicized a list of companies that release hazardous wastes (“Toxic 500”)
  14. Continued 1990: Congress reauthorized hazardous waste control legislation Priorities: Establishing who is liable for existing problems assisting/funding cleanup Compensating people suffering from hazardous waste Improving standards for disposal/cleanup
  15. Ocean Dumping Protection Ocean Dumping Act (1972): This law bans ocean dumping of radiological, chemical, and biological warfare agents and high-level radioactive waste. Amendments in 1988 extended the ban to sewage sludge, industrial waste, and medical waste. In 1992, a national coastal water quality monitoring program was established. Even with these protective measures, ocean dumping still continues.
  16. Types of Wastes Dumped into Oceans Dredge spoils- solid materials such as sand, silt, clay Industrial waste- acids, refinery wastes, pesticide wastes Sewage sludge Construction and demolition debris- cinder block, plaster, stone, tile Solid waste- refuse, garbage, explosives, radioactive waste
  17. Effects Effects of pollution on oceanic life: Death or retarded growth, vitality and reproductivity of marine organisms Reduction in the dissolved oxygen content Eutrophication Habitat change cause by waste disposal practices that subtly or drastically change entire marine ecosystems
  18. Other effects Themicrolayeris the upper 3mm of ocean water and is the base of the food chain because it consists of abundant planktonic life. This vital area happens to be where oceans concentrate pollutants. With a polluted and toxic base for the entire oceanic ecosystem, all marine organisms are in danger due to biomagnifications. This pollution is causing economic loss for countries due to loss of fish and shellfish industries.
  19. Secure Landfill Designed to confine the waste to a particular location, control the leachate that drains from the waste, collect and treat the leachate and detect possible leaks.
  20. Hazardous Waste Management Disposal Microbial Breakdown Chemical Stabilization High Temperature Decomposition Incineration Deep- Well Injection
  21. Microbial Breakdowm Surface Impoundment Use of natural bacteria to break down matter Eg. Oil being broken down by bacteria in the ocean.
  22. Incineration
  23. Deep Well Injection
  24. 28.11 Pollution Prevention Pollution Prevention: Involves ways to prevent the generation of waste rather than finding ways to dispose of it. By taking this approach, reduces the need for management of the waste that was produced because there was less waste being produced.
  25. 28.11 Pollution Prevention Cont. Approaches to pollution prevention include the following: Purchasing the proper amount of raw materials so that no excess remains to be disposed of. Exercising better control of materials used in manufacturing processes so that less waste is produced. Substituting nontoxic chemicals for hazardous or toxic materials currently in use. Improving engineering and design of manufacturing processes so that less waste is produced.
  26. 28.11 Pollution Prevention Cont. Since the Industrial Revolution, Integrated Waste Management has become popular. The three R’s of waste management: Reducing waste Reusing materials Recycling Hazardous chemical waste is one of the most serious environmental problems facing the United States
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