NIGERIA AP GOV 2013-2014

1. NIGERIA AP GOV 2013-2014

2. Nigeria is the United States' largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and supplies a fifth of its oil (11% of oil imports).

3. A Rentier State A state that derives a substantial portion of its revenue on a regular basis from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rents (extraction fees): a subsystem of rentier economy, which is an economy heavily supported by state expenditure, while the state itself continually receives rents from abroad.The theory of the “rentier state” says that countries that receive substantial amounts of oil revenues from the outside world on a regular basis tend to become autonomous from their societies, unaccountable to their citizens, and autocratic. Bonny, site of one of Shell's main oil facilities in Nigeria. the capital-intensive oil sector provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues

4. A Scorsese in Lagos The Making of Nigeria’s Film Industry http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/26/magazine/nollywood-movies.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0#comments See also . . . Nollywood https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWzAZ6E2sFw

5. From Occupy Nigeria website

6. Nigeria is a Federal State Nigerian states that implement some form of sharia law (in green)

8. 2013 CIA FACT BOOK

11. Really good history in 2 parts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNp9qVmQ5do http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNp9qVmQ5do

12. Nigeria is home to some 250 ethnic groups Dominant among them is the _________ and ________who are overwhelmingly Muslim and concentrated in the north,the _______(also spelled Ibo), predominantly Christian and concentrated in the southeast, the _________are found in the southwest and are divided between Christian, Muslims, and local animist faiths. nearly a third of the population belongs of these three groups

13. CIA Factbook: Religions--Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% --statistics vary—remember the census? English: official language

14. Mosque in Abuja Church in Abuja

15. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12893448 Nigeria: a nation divided Need To Know: What is driving Nigeria's Boko Haram? http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17790002 2 minute video

16. 5 Die in Violence Over Nigeria's Census LAGOS, Nigeria, March 20 (Reuters) — Five people were killed and dozens injured in southwestern Nigeria in weekend clashes linked to this week's national census, the police said Monday. The census is the first attempt in 15 years by Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, to conduct a head count. Estimates of Nigeria's population range from 120 million to 150 million, and the government says it needs more precise data. Organizers have excluded ethnicity and religion from the census questionnaire to avoid the rigging and fighting by rival interest groups that discredited previous censuses. The census dictates who really holds power

17. Elections in __________ (year)

18. 2011 Gubernatorial election results

19. Remember electoral system: In first round, need an absolute __________and at least ______in two-thirds of the states is required for a candidate to be elected in the first round.

20. “Federal Character” Principle: 14. (1) The Federal Republic of Nigeria shall be a State based on the principles of democracy and social justice. . . . (3) The composition of the Government of the Federation or any of its agencies and the conduct of its affairs shall be carried out in such a manner as to reflect the federal character of Nigeria and the need to promote national unity, and also to command national loyalty, thereby ensuring that there shall be no predominance of persons from a few State or from a few ethnic or other sectional groups in that Government or in any of its agencies.

21. ZONING The late Nigerian President Umaru Yar'Adua came to power in 2007 Since the return of civilian rule in 1999, the ruling and dominant People's Democratic Party (PDP) has sought to rotate, or "zone" the office of president between the overwhelmingly Muslim north and the mainly Christian south. Under this plan, the Mr Yar'Adua was supposed to be the northern president who would follow the two terms (1999-2007) served by the southerner Olusegun Obasanjo. But fate dealt the plan a blow with Mr Yar'Adua's death from a long illness - and the subsequent accession to the presidency of another southerner, the former Vice-President Goodluck Jonathan. The handover to President Jonathan was entirely peaceful, legal and constitutional. But it has broken the deal planned by the godfathers of the powerful PDP. So some northern leaders are complaining that President Jonathan should not seek to stand as the PDP candidate in elections next year. The issue of power rotation is enshrined in the PDP's constitution," a leading northern politician, AtikuAbubakar, told me in his sumptuous, almost palatial Abuja home. Referring to the deal within the PDP in the late 90s which saw Mr Obasanjo stand on the party's presidential ticket, Mr Abubakar said: "It was agreed that the presidency should be retained in the south" for eight years. "And that when it reverts to the north it should also remain there for eight years. In fact there was a vote. I was there. And to the best of my knowledge that position has not been reviewed - so that is what it is today."

22. ZONING A gentlemen's agreement, within the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), meant that power rotates between the predominantly Muslim north and Christian south every two terms, which means the flag bearer of the party for this election was scheduled to be represented by a Northerner. After the death of President Umar Yar'Adua, a Northern Muslim, his Vice President Goodluck Jonathon, a Southern Christian, took over as acting president. The suggestion that Jonathan was considering running for the presidency in his own right was controversial as Yar'Adua had only served one of the two possible terms as president after Southerner OlusegunObasanjo

23. A trash dump in Lagos, Nigeria. By some estimates, misrule has cost the national treasury $400 billion in theft and waste

24. In May 1967 the Igbo dominated Eastern Region seceded from Nigeria, declaring itself the Republic of Biafra. Although the Biafrans were outnumbered and outgunned, they held off the Nigerian military for three years, helped in part by international support, which believed that the Nigerian government was conducting a genocidal war against the Igbo. Azikiwe, who had been dismissed from his post by the military government, became a prominent supporter of Biafran independence. Biafra was defeated in 1970. Although this did not lead to the Igbo extermination that many feared, the war itself exacted huge costs in terms of military and civilian life—estimates range from 500,000 to as high as three million GO to: http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/30/newsid_3733000/3733321.stm

25. Counting the Bodies in the Aftermath of Clashes in Nigeria Women passed a destroyed house in Jos, Nigeria, on Monday. Life began to return to normal after election-related violence.

26. WP: Feb 2006 Ifeanyi Eze uses a piece of charred wood to write on the wall of a mosque in Onitsha: "Mohammed is a man but Jesus is from above."

27. A mosque in Onitsha was destroyed by Christian rioters. NYT Feb 24 2006

28. Sharia was very popular in the north when introduced SHARIA LAW Safiya Husseini, acquitted after death sentence for adultery Twelve northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia since the year 2000. The move initially heightened tensions between Muslims and Christians and led to clashes which left thousands dead. Evid of Centralization or Decentralization? Many amputations sentences have not been carried out

29. The authorities in the northern Nigerian state of Kano have imposed a ban on Muslim men and women travelling together on public transport. You have no excuse to carry a woman who is neither your wife nor your mother on a motorcycle Ibrahim KalielMuslim cleric

30. A sign in Kano reminds visitors that religious law is in place throughout the state and that they should "take heed."

31. Girls in Kano, Nigeria, attend a hybrid school that combines Islamic education with secular subjects like math and reading

32. New programs have sprung up to encourage parents to send their daughters to hybrid public elementary schools that offer traditional Islamic education along with math and reading. In many of these classes girls outnumber boys

33. Girls in Kano distributed textbooks to their classmates

34. The United States Agency for International Development is so impressed with the potential of these programs that one-third of the schools it supports across Nigeria are integrated Islamic and secular schools, according to officials at the agency.

35. Social Movements Members of Movement for the Emancipation for the Niger Delta.Photo: George Osodi/AP Initially as spokesperson, and then as President, of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Saro-Wiwa led a nonviolent campaign against environmental damage associated with the operations of multinational oil companies, especially Shell. He was executed by the Nigerian Military in 1995, his death provoking international outrage Lawsuit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htF5XElMyGI

36. June 9, 2009 Shell to Pay $15.5 Million to Settle Nigerian Case By JAD MOUAWAD New York Times GO TO: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/08/nigeria-usa Ken Saro-Wiwa Jr. sued Royal Dutch Shell, saying it had culpability in his father’s death.

37. Militants from the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta patrolling the delta. Photographs by Michael Kamber The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta ("MEND") is a militant indigenous people's movement dedicated to armed struggle against the exploitation and oppression of the people of Niger Delta and the degradation of the natural environment by foreign multinational corporations involved in the extraction of oil in the Niger Delta and the Federal Government of Nigeria. MEND has been linked to attacks on foreign owned petroleum companies in Nigeria. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702

38. The Economist has described the organization as one that "portrays itself as political organisation that wants a greater share of Nigeria’s oil revenues to go to the impoverished region that sits atop the oil. In fact, it is more of an umbrella organisation for several armed groups, which it sometimes pays in cash or guns to launch attacks." http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ds0ppu791w  mend amnesty

39. Nigeria Tries to ‘Sanitize’ Itself of Gays By ADAM NOSSITERFEB. 8, 2014 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/world/africa/nigeria-uses-law-and-whip-to-sanitize-gays.html?_r=0 A bailiff in Bauchi, in mostly Muslim northern Nigeria, re-enacted the lashing of a man convicted of homosexuality. Credit BenedicteKurzen for The New York Times

40. Nigeria is a good example of REGIME change _______ _________: a sudden shock to state policy involving deliberate violation of constitutional reforms by a group of persons in authority; a quick and decisive seizure of governmental power by a strong military or political group. In contrast to a r____________, a coup does not involve a mass uprising. Rather, in a typical coup, a small group of politicians or generals arrests the incumbent leaders, seizes the national radio and television services and proclaims itself in power. French for stroke of the state or blow to the government In Nigeria military often intervenes to quell___________________

41. Elections

42. Do you get it???? In _________ the 4th republic begins when ____________ was elected first president. Nigeria made its first transition from one elected government to another when Obasanjo won a second term in April ________ (year) (1999 plus 4) The ruling ___________ (party) also dominated the legislative elections, winning 76 of 109 ____ _____seats and 223 of 360 House seats.

43. But Then . . . . The Economist asked: Could Double-O make it three in a row?What was the issue??? Questions about Elections April 2007 Will Nigeria make it through a third presidential election? On May 16, 2006 the Nigerian Senate voted to block a constitutional amendment which would have allowed its president to serve more than two terms in office.

44. 2007 Next election : Do you get it???? If successfully completed, the _______(year) presidential election will mark Nigeria's first peaceful handover from one democratically elected president at the end of his constitutional term to the next. The most recent failed election was the 1993 election of M. K. O. Abiola, which was annulled by Ibrahim B_________the military dictator ruling at the time. General Sani ________eventually seized power, and when Abiola tried to claim his presidency, he was imprisoned until his questionable death in 1998.

45. Do you get it???? The Nigerian general elections of 2007were held on 14 April and 21 April 2007. Governorship and state assembly elections were held on 14 April, while the presidential and N__________ A___________elections were held a week later on 21 April. Umaru _____ _______won the highly controversial election for the ruling __________ __________ Party and was sworn in on 29 May. President Olusegun Obasanjo could not pursue a third term. Additionally he was unsupported by Atiku Abubakar, his vice-president. Presidential candidates were announced in late December 2006, and 50,000 assault rifles were ordered to help the military maintain order during the election. Umaru Yar'Adua contested the election for the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP), and the opposition All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) chose Muhammadu Buhari. Atiku Abu-Bakr, the current Vice-President, announced on 25 November 2006 that he would contest the election, and he subsequently became the presidential candidate of the Action Congress in December. Results of Election http://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html#2007_National_Assembly_Election

46. Results: A First in Nigeria: A Peaceful __________of Power Nigeria’s new president, UmaruYar’Adua, took office Tuesday in Abuja. After a history of military coups, Mr. Yar’Adua’s inauguration was the country’s first peaceful transition of power between civilians ABUJA, Nigeria, May 29 (AP) — This time, the shots were fired in celebration. For the first time in Nigeria’s coup-riddled history, power passed between two civilians, as the army hailed the new president, Umaru Yar’Adua, with a 21-gun salute on Tuesday

47. Money and Violence Hobble Democracy in Nigeria NYT 11/24/2006 Election April 2007 Kayode Fayemi, left, holding a microphone, a candidate for governor of Ekiti state, campaigns for the nomination of the Action Congress party.

48. Voters in Nigeria lined up for hours on Saturday, long after the polls were supposed to start. There are wide accusations of ballot rigging in favor of the ruling PDP party NYT 4/23/07

49. 4/30/2007 A mob of young men and boys, angry because they were not able to vote, burned tires and demolished signs during a riot in the town of Malumfashi . The rioters, supporters of the opposition ANPP party, accused the ruling PDP party of rigging the elections. The rioters, supporters of the opposition ANPP party, accused the ruling PDP party of rigging the elections

50. THEN . . . . President Yar'adua dies and Nigeria power struggle begins Nigeria President UmaruYar’Adua died late Wednesday and his former vice president, Goodluck Jonathan, was sworn in today. But will Jonathan run again in next year's election, or follow Nigeria's tradition of rotating the presidency between north and south? By Scott Baldauf, Staff writer / May 6, 2010 Nigeria's acting president, Goodluck Jonathan (right), takes the oath of office in front of chief justice Aloysius Katsina-Alu (left), to become the nation's next leader, at the presidential villa in Abuja, Nigeria, Thursday. Jonathan was sworn in, just hours after the death of President UmaruYar’Adua