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Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications

Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications. IGERT Bootcamp September 2006. Outline. Introduction Visual processing Memory and plasticity Motor systems. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC). First writings of the brain. Ramon y Cajal. Neuron Doctrine. A Course Map of the Brain.

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Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications

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  1. Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications IGERT Bootcamp September 2006

  2. Outline • Introduction • Visual processing • Memory and plasticity • Motor systems

  3. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC) First writings of the brain.

  4. Ramon y Cajal Neuron Doctrine

  5. A Course Map of the Brain. definitions: sulcus vs. gyrus central sulcus

  6. A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision. Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

  7. Cortex is divided into 6 layers. “gray matter” 2 - 6 mm thick webvision.med.utah.edu

  8. Outline • Introduction • Visual processing • Memory and plasticity • Motor systems

  9. The early visual pathway “flips” sides. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  10. The retina is the beginning of the visual processing. Kolb (2003)

  11. A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit. Kolb (2003)

  12. Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  13. The basis of a receptive field. light stimulus Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  14. But, it’s more complicated … Kolb (2003)

  15. Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  16. Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  17. Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions. ocular dominance columns webvision.med.utah.edu

  18. Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex Tootell et al (1982)

  19. Cortical magnification distorts representation. webvision.med.utah.edu

  20. Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation. stimulus response tuning curve stimulus ON stimulus OFF stimulus OFF Firing rate (Hz) orientation of bar Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx)

  21. The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex. • color represents orientation of tuning curve peak Ohki et al (2006)

  22. Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  23. Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex. Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)

  24. Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing 2. “form/shape” processing

  25. Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion. medial temporal (MT) cortex Albright (1984)

  26. Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex. Albright et al (1984)

  27. Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing 2. “form/shape” processing

  28. Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Desimone et al (1984)

  29. The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the hippocampus.

  30. Does the “Bill Clinton” cell exist in the hippocampus? Kreiman et al (2000)

  31. Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus. Kreiman et al (2000)

  32. Outline • Introduction • Visual processing • Memory and plasticity • Motor systems

  33. The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities.

  34. Ramon y Cajal The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.

  35. The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  36. Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  37. Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology

  38. Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields. Robert Muller http://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm

  39. Can we “read the mind” of a rat? Emery Brown http://neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu

  40. Can we “read the mind” of a human? www.cyberkinetics.com

  41. Outline • Introduction • Visual processing • Memory and plasticity • Motor systems

  42. Motor and decision areas in cortex. www.brainconnection.com

  43. The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts. The Brain from Top to Bottom http://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca

  44. A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals. A. Schwartz University of Pittsburgh

  45. Primary motor cortex (M1) Posterior parietal cortex Supplementary motor cortex (SMA) Premotor cortex (PMA) Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?

  46. Designing a neural prosthetic for humans. Richard Andersen http://vis.caltech.edu

  47. Actually, neural prosthetics already exist. www.cyberkinetics.com

  48. Review • Historical perspective • Imhotep • Visual processing • Organization of visual cortex • Memory and plasticity • Hippocampus and Place Cells • Motor systems • Neural Prosthestics

  49. Resources • A few good classes. Neuroscience 200A - Cellular Neuroscience Neuroscience 200B - Systems Neuroscience Neuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience • A few good books. Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science. Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience • A few good websites. “Webvision” http://webvision.med.utah.edu “Neuroscience for Kids” http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html

  50. Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain.

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