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III. Arthropods A. Member of superphylum ECDYSOZOA

III. Arthropods A. Member of superphylum ECDYSOZOA 1. Grow by molting: shed their exoskeleton 2. Nematode worms are also in this group B. About 80% of all described species of animals are arthropods. Relative Numbers by Taxa. Arthropods (continued)

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III. Arthropods A. Member of superphylum ECDYSOZOA

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  1. III. Arthropods A. Member of superphylum ECDYSOZOA 1. Grow by molting: shed their exoskeleton 2. Nematode worms are also in this group B. About 80% of all described species of animals are arthropods

  2. Relative Numbers by Taxa

  3. Arthropods (continued) • C. Horseshoe Crab, Limulus, is not a crustacean • 1. CHELICERAE • a. 1st pair of mouth appendages • b. Stab (up & down motion)

  4. C. Horseshoe Crab, Limulus (continued) 2. Natural History a. Inhabit shallow marine waters with sandy bottoms b. Burrow beneath surface preying upon worms in sand c. Lifespan as long as 19 years d. Mature at about 9 years e. More common east and west of Mobile Bay because of the lower salinity

  5. Horseshoe Crab, Limulus (continued) • 3. Blood is harvested for Limulus amebocyte lysate (= LAL) • a. Coagulates in presence of bacteria • b. Used to screen pharmaceutical products for bacterial contamination

  6. Harvesting LAL from Horseshoe Crabs

  7. Aggregation of Limulus, the Horseshoe Crab

  8. D. Crustaceans 1. Most have 3 body regions a. Head a. MANDIBLES move sideways b. Maxillae & maxillipeds (1) Chemosensors (2) Handle and manipulate food

  9. Three body regions (continued) • b. THORAX • (1) Middle region • (2) CARAPACE • (a) Found in lobsters, crabs & shrimp • (b) Head & thorax fused to form a shield- like dorsal covering • (3) Location of walking appendages

  10. Three body regions (continued) • c. ABDOMEN • (1) Posterior (May curl up under thorax) • (2) Location of reproductive appendages

  11. D. Crustaceans (continued) 2. Isopods a. Flattened dorsal-ventrally

  12. Deep Sea Isopod Showing Dorsal-ventral Flattening

  13. 2. Isopods (continued) b. Commonly encountered as ectoparasites in fish gills

  14. 2. Isopods (continued) c. A scavenger species that lives in the sand at Dauphin and Sand Islands can give tiny “pin prick” bites to the feet of waders

  15. Some Crabs are very large

  16. D. Crustaceans (continued) 3. Decapods a. Crabs, shrimp & lobsters b. Characteristics (1) 10 walking legs (including claws) (2) Carapace encloses gill chamber

  17. Cheap Thoughts by Jack O’Brien Be aware of what you eat

  18. Sign in front of a Mobile Restaurant

  19. IV. Bryozoa (BRYO = Moss; ZOA = Animals) A. Characteristics 1. Colonies on hard substrates a. Some are sheet-like b. Some form erect colonies

  20. A. Bryozoan Characteristics (continued) 2. LOPHOPHORE a. Characteristic feeding organ (1) Ciliated tentacles surround mouth (2) Filter-feeders

  21. Lophophore of a bryozoan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Freshwater_Bryozoan234.JPG

  22. 2. Lophophore (continued) b. Members of superphylum LOPHOTROCHOZOA (1) Linked by similar DNA (2) Contains phyla with trochophore larvae (a) Mollusks (b) Annelids (3) Contains phyla with lophophores

  23. A. Bryozoan Characteristics (continued) • 3. Individuals are called ZOOIDS • a. Less than 1 mm in width • b. Encased in an organic box from which the lophophore extends

  24. Bryozoan Zooids http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://neogenebryozoans.myspecies.info/files/Bryozoan%2520figure%25201.jpg&imgrefurl=http://neogenebryozoans.myspecies.info/bryozoans&h=600&w=617&sz=41&tbnid=iwBUnIoCvTTpqM:&tbnh=93&tbnw=96&zoom=1&usg=__ygmONRLr4UDKM6TjMlQ7keaAeGg=&docid=rbMa5LZPi76LpM&sa=X&ei=kNTxUYqdL4S-8ATP24CoAQ&ved=0CDIQ9QEwAg&dur=489

  25. A. Bryozoan Characteristics (continued) • Bugula stolonifera • a. Very common in the Gulf of Mexico • b. Grey-buff colored branches http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cryptosula.nl/photos/Bugulastoloniferaweb.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cryptosula.nl/Bugulastolonifera.html&h=450&w=544&sz=39&tbnid=JQUHCd7yKG3VkM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=109&zoom=1&usg=__CJRQgeVYGyIMn_MwZ9iNgPW0bh4=&docid=8Cgyq-zjaCZHRM&sa=X&ei=ItfxUa33BoXm8QSNroHoDg&ved=0CDIQ9QEwAg&dur=367#imgdii=_

  26. V. Echinoderms A. Characteristics 1. Radial symmetry 2. Calcareous internal skeleton 3. Usually 5 rays or body divisions

  27. Happily for nerds who like echinoderm art, most artists can count to five Photo by J. O’Brien, June 2014

  28. A. Echinoderm Characteristics (continued) 4. TUBE FEET provide locomotion a. Projections of body wall with sucker- like tips b. Fluid-filled

  29. V. Echinoderms (continued) • B. Sea stars • 1. Slow moving predators • 2. Major impact upon intertidal bivalves • 3. MUSSELS ON THE HALF SHELL: • a. Extrude stomach between shells of bivalve • b. Secrete digestive enzymes into bivalves’s mantle cavity • c . Absorb nutrients without ingesting bivalve’s hard parts

  30. Some genera of sea stars have arms in multiples of 5

  31. In the Antarctic Ocean, some sea stars are quite large Photo by J. O’Brien, June 2014

  32. Barrel of Dead Sea Stars Photo: J. O’Brien, 2011

  33. V. Echinoderms (continued) C. Sea urchins 1. Skeletons composed of 5 plate-like ossicles 2. Tips of some spines contain venom that is very painful to humans 3. Omnivores 4. Removal of predators (sea otter) results in overgrazing of kelp beds

  34. Sea Otter with Sea Urchin Prey

  35. Sea Urchin Barren

  36. Echinoderm Endoskeletons Photo: J. O’Brien, 2011

  37. Echinoderms Adorning a Plastic Christmas Tree Photo: J. O’Brien, 2011

  38. V. Echinoderms (continued) • D. Sand dollars • 1. Flattened • 2. Mucus used to catch small prey

  39. D. Sand dollars (continued) • 3. May plow through sand or stand upright facing current

  40. V. Echinoderms (continued) E. Sea cucumbers 1. Sausage-shaped 2. Tentacles enclose mouth 3. RESPIRATORY TREES a. Outgrowth of hindgut b. Water drawn into hindgut where respiratory exchange occurs c. Many animals live here

  41. Sea cucumbers (continued) • 4. Defense mechanisms • a. Some species poisonous • b. Portions of respiratory tree ejected out anus and entangle predators

  42. Sea Cucumber with Ejected Respiratory Tree

  43. VI. Phylum Chordata • A. Characteristics • 1. NOTOCHORD: Dorsal support rod (not bone) • 2. Gill slits

  44. VI. Chordata (continued) • Invertebrate chordates • 1. Lancelets • a. Notochord present entire life-cycle • b. Adults buried in sand • c. Feed on plankton • d. Amphioxus in Mobile Bay

  45. Garrison, 2005 Oceanography: An Introduction of Marine Science, p. 368 Castro & Huber, 2003, Marine Biology, p. 147 Cephalochordate Amphioxus

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