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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Section 1. Objectives.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Section 1

  2. Objectives • Be able to define: science, scientific method, system, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, model, theory, variable, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, validity, scientific ethics, technological design, solution design, implementation, evaluation, quantitative, qualitative. • Be able to describe the purpose of the scientific method.

  3. Objectives • Be able to describe the order of steps followed by scientists using the scientific method. • Be able to distinguish between quantitative and qualitative observations. • Be able to distinguish between the dependent and independent variables. • Be able to describe the differences between hypotheses, theories, and models. • Be able to identify errors in an experimental design.

  4. Section 1: Scientific Method • _____________ is a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe. • Most scientific advances result form carefully planned ____________________. • Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience

  5. Section 1: Scientific Method • Scienceis a process whose goal is to discover facts about the universe. • Most scientific advances result form carefully planned investigations. • Science relies on observation, experimentation, and experience

  6. Section 1: Scientific Method • The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the _________ ________ . • This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data. • The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

  7. Section 1: Scientific Method • The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. • This is a a logical approach to solving problems by ______________ and ______________ _______, ________________ ____________, _______________ hypotheses and formulating ________________ that are supported by data. • The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

  8. Section 1: Scientific Method • The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. • This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observingand collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testinghypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data. • The scientific method is ___________________, repeatable and testable.

  9. Section 1: Scientific Method • The process researches use to carry out their investigations is called the scientific method. • This is a a logical approach to solving problems by observingand collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testinghypotheses and formulating theories that are supported by data. • The scientific method issystematic, repeatable and testable.

  10. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • __________________ – the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. • Two types of data: • ________________– descriptive in nature; _____-_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue) • _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

  11. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Observing– the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. • Two types of data: • ________________– descriptive in nature; _____-_____________ information (ex. the sky is blue) • _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

  12. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Observing– the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. • Two types of data: • Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) • _________________ - __________________ in nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

  13. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Observing– the use of the senses to obtain information. Observation involves making measurements and collecting data. • Two types of data: • Qualitative– descriptive in nature; non-numerical information (ex. the sky is blue) • Quantitative – numericalin nature; (ex. 5 meters long)

  14. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlled __________________ to make observations and collect data. • Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.

  15. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlledconditionsto make observations and collect data. • Chemists study ________________ – a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for ___________ during an experiment or observation.

  16. Section 1: Scientific Method I. Observing and Collecting Data • Experimenting involves carrying out a procedure under controlledconditionsto make observations and collect data. • Chemists study systems– a specific portion of matter in a given region of space that has been selected for study during an experiment or observation.

  17. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and ______________ – they try to make generalizations based on the data. • ___________________ -statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

  18. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns– they try to make generalizations based on the data. • ___________________ -statements that apply to a ___________ of information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

  19. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists examine and compare data from their experiments to attempt to find relationships and patterns– they try to make generalizations based on the data. • Generalizations- statements that apply to a rangeof information. Data is sometimes organized into tables and analyzed using statistics/mathematical techniques.

  20. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a ________________ – a testable statement; _________________ __________. The hypothesis serves as basis for making ________________ and for carrying out further experiments. • Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

  21. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis– a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. • Hypotheses are often “___ - _________” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

  22. Section 1: Scientific Method II. Formulating Hypotheses • Scientists then use these generalizations to formulate a hypothesis– a testable statement; an educated guess. The hypothesis serves as basis for making predictions and for carrying out further experiments. • Hypotheses are often “if- then” statements – the “then” part is a prediction that is the basis for testing by experiment.

  23. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Testing a hypothesis requires _____________________ that provides data to ____________ or ___________ a hypothesis or theory. • If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________. • Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

  24. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Testing a hypothesis requires experimentationthat provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. • If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be ______________ or _____________. • Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

  25. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Testing a hypothesis requires experimentationthat provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. • If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discardedor modified. • Hypotheses can be proven ______________ and they can be supported/proven ______________, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

  26. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Testing a hypothesis requires experimentationthat provides data to support or refute a hypothesis or theory. • If testing reveals that predictions were NOT correct, the hypothesis must be discardedor modified. • Hypotheses can be proven incorrectand they can be supported/proven successful, but they CANNOT be proven correct.

  27. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • ____________ – Experimental conditions that remain ______________ during testing. • ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. • Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. • Might affect the outcome of the experiment

  28. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constantduring testing. • ______________ – any conditions that __________ during testing. • Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. • Might affect the outcome of the experiment

  29. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Controls – Experimental conditions that remain constantduring testing. • Variables – any conditions that change during testing. • Any changes observed are due to the effects of the variable. • Might affect the outcome of the experiment

  30. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Two types of variables: • _______________ - the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ______ in an experiment. • _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

  31. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Two types of variables: • Independent- the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONEin an experiment. • _______________ - variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the ________________ variable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

  32. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses • Two types of variables: • Independent- the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter. There should only be ONEin an experiment. • Dependent- variable that is studied. It is expected to change as a result of changes in the independentvariable. There may be more than one dependent variable.

  33. Section 1: Scientific Method III. Testing Hypotheses Two groups: Control group - allows you to observe what is considered “normal” under a specific set of conditions, so comparisons can be made with the experimental group. Experimental group – this group experiences a change in one variable. Only one variable should be changed at a time

  34. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a ___________– more than just a physical object, it is often an ____________________ of how phenomena occur and how data or events are _____________. • Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.

  35. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanationof how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. • Models may be _____________, verbal or _____________________.

  36. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • When data shows that the predictions of a hypothesis are successful, scientist then typically try to explain the phenomena they are studying by constructing a model – more than just a physical object, it is often an explanationof how phenomena occur and how data or events are related. • Models may be visual, verbal or mathematical. • Ex. Atomic model of matter – states that matter is composed of tiny particles – atoms

  37. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • ______________– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. • If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. • Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

  38. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. • If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. • Theories are considered successful if they can ___________ the ___________ of many new experiments.

  39. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. • If a model successfully explains many phenomena, it may become part of a theory. • Theories are considered successful if they can predict the results of many new experiments.

  40. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • Theory– a broad generalization that explains a body of facts or phenomena. • Ex. Kinetic-Molecular Theory – Theory that explains that the behavior of physical systems depends on the combined actions of the molecules constituting the system • Ex. Collision Theory – Theory that states that the number of new compounds formed in a chemical reaction is = to the number of molecules that collide

  41. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • ___________________ gives scientists an opportunity to ______________ the work of others and see if they get the _________ _______________. • Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

  42. Section 1: Scientific Method IV. Theorizing • Publicationgives scientists an opportunity to repeat the work of others and see if they get the same results. • Others will be able to duplicate valid work.

  43. Section 1: Scientific Method Question Research Hypothesis Experiment Analysis Conclusion

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