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CHAPTER 22 SEC 2 Lesson 2 B and 2 C

CHAPTER 22 SEC 2 Lesson 2 B and 2 C. THE ENLIGHTENMENT. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON. Philosophes= French social critics in France in the 1700s who met to discuss politics and ideas. Changing Idea: The Age of Reason. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON.

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CHAPTER 22 SEC 2 Lesson 2 B and 2 C

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  1. CHAPTER 22 SEC 2Lesson 2 B and 2 C THE ENLIGHTENMENT

  2. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON • Philosophes= French social critics in France in the 1700s who met to discuss politics and ideas Changing Idea: The Age of Reason

  3. THE PHILOSOPHES ADVOCATE REASON • Salons = a gathering held at a wealthy women’s estate in the large drawing room Changing Idea: The Age of Reason

  4. The Encyclopedia • Denis Diderot, a French philosophe • The Encyclopediawas created as a handbook for ideas of the Enlightenment • Funded by Madame Geoffrin • Released between 1751-1752, the 28 volume set tackled issues such as… *Slave trade *Taxes *The church *War *Torture *Government • Diderot was imprisoned for the work, but the people were receptive, and began to adopt the texts ideas

  5. The PhilosophesVoltaire (1694-1778) • He wrote over 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. • He was imprisoned twice for his satires criticizing the French nobility, the clergy, and the government. • He spoke out and fought against: • Intolerance • Prejudice • Superstition • Freedom of speech • Freedom of religious belief • His famous quote, ‘ I do not agree with a word you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it.”

  6. Baron de Montesquieu Political Criticism • The ideas of democracy and republican government • Many adopted the ideas of John Locke (natural rights) • He published The Spirit of the Lawsdescribing the perfect government • He judged Great Britain to be the model • He believed in 1) a system of checks and balances or “Power should be a check to power.” 2) Three Branches of Government a) Executive – King and Cabinet –“carry out the laws” b) Legislative – Parliament – “make the laws” c) Judicial – English Judges – “interpret the laws” 3) Separation of Powers

  7. Jean Jacques Rousseau • He believed a direct democracy was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will of the people.” • Rousseau’s Social Contract An agreement of free individuals to create a society and a government. • He argued that all people were equal • All titles of nobility should be abolished (focused on equality) • His ideas inspired many of the leaders of the French Revolution with his concept of a broader democracy

  8. Beccaria: Criminal Justice • Beccaria was an Italian philosophe who believed laws existed to preserve social order, not to be used to avenge crimes. • He argued that a person accused of a crime should receive a speedy trial • He was against torture and believed the punishment should fit the crime (cruel and unusual punishment). • He was also against capital punishment (death penalty).

  9. Mary Wollstonecraft • She published a persuasive essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). • Disagreed with Rousseau that a woman’s education should be secondary to a man’s. • Argued women , like men, needed to become virtuous and useful. 3) She urged women to enter the male-dominated fields of medicine and politics.

  10. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Enlightenment writers challenged long-standing ideas about society: belief in progress, secularism, and individualism. • Belief in Progress • The successes of the Scientific Revolution gave people confidence that reason could solve social problems. • Philosophes argued to end the practice of slavery and for greater social equality (democracy).

  11. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Enlightenment writers challenged long-standing ideas about society. 2) Secular Approach • People began to question openly their religious beliefs and the teaching of the church • Scientific discovered mysteries could be explained mathematically. • Scientists (Galileo, Newton, Copernicus) sought to connect science to the Bible and the majesty of God. d. Voltaire and other critics fought to rid religion of its superstitions and promote tolerance of other faiths.

  12. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Enlightenment writers challenged long-standing ideas about society. 3) Individualism • People began to turn away from the church and from royalty for guidance (absolutism), • People encouraged to use reason to judge right or wrong for themselves. • Government was formed by individuals with their consent. • Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)

  13. Legacy of the Enlightenment • Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776) 3) The Invisible Hand or laissez-faire

  14. Practice Questions Which of the following did the Enlightenment promote? • A belief in progress • A more secular outlook • Faith in science • All of the above How were Thomas Hobbes and Catherine the Great similar? • Both were influenced by John Locke • Both were affected by the horrors of the English Civil War. • Both were influenced by Voltaire and Baron de Montesquieu. • Both believed that a monarch should have absolute authority.

  15. Practice Questions What was Montesquieu’s influence on the U.S. Constitution? • Public elections • Branches of government • The Bill of Rights • Representatives What person would probably NOT have been influenced by the philosophes? • A European artist living during the 1700s • A leader of a salon • An American patriot denouncing taxation without representation • A scholar who believed in the geocentric theory

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