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Fang-Mian Chang Hunter Couch Elisa Schreckinger

Yerba Mate Tea ( Ilex paraguariensis ): Chemistry, Health Implications and Technological Considerations. Fang-Mian Chang Hunter Couch Elisa Schreckinger. Ilex paraguariensis. Yerba mate Native to South America Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina Subtropical area High temperature High humidity

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Fang-Mian Chang Hunter Couch Elisa Schreckinger

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  1. Yerba Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis): Chemistry, Health Implications and Technological Considerations Fang-Mian Chang Hunter Couch Elisa Schreckinger

  2. Ilex paraguariensis • Yerba mate • Native to South America • Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina • Subtropical area • High temperature • High humidity • Shade tolerant • Species of Holly family

  3. Also the biggest consumers http://www.ushuaia.pl/yerba/where

  4. Ilex paraguariensis • Evergreen shrub or small tree • Height up to 6-18m • Managed as 2.5-3.0 m • Leaves • Up to 10 mm diameter • Serrated margins • Dioecious plant • Male and female plants

  5. Flowering season: from Oct. to Dec. Female plants Male plants Less bitter • Higher leaf net photosynthesis • Higher stomatal conductance http://www.shaman-australis.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=12052

  6. Growth • Biennial production period • Summer: fruit ripening • Jan. and Feb.: pause growth • Nov.: spring sprouting • Mar., Jun.: autumn sprouting

  7. Products • Green yerba mate tea • Black yerba mate tea • Toasted yerba mate tea • Alternative of coffee http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071023163949.htm

  8. Mate tea processing • Roasting, pre-drying • Drying • Milling • Aging • Final preparation (Isolabella et al., 2010)

  9. Mate tea processing • Roasting • Green yerba is exposed to direct fire • Temperature: 250-550 ℃ • Preserves color, flavor, and aroma • Drying • Leaves are exposed to hot air until a 3% of moisture is reached • Lasted for 12-18 h

  10. Mate tea processing • Milling • Product is triturated to large particles • Aging • Period of time necessary for the product to acquire the adequate flavor, aroma and color • Final preparation • Ground to smaller particles and sieved to eliminate the powder

  11. (Burris et al., 2012)

  12. (Bracesco et al., 2011)

  13. Nutrition value Mateine • Consumption of a cup of yerba mate is similar to the caffeine content of a cup of coffee (Heck and de Mejia, 2007) • The level of polyphenolics is higher than green or black tea • Processed leaves have higher level of polyphenols and xanthenes than green leaves (Filip et al., 2001)

  14. Biological Activities and Health Effects Anti parasitic & anti fungal activity Inflammation Diabetes Carcinogenesis Cause or prevention? Lipid metabolism and obesity

  15. Effect of Illexparaguariensis on lipid metabolism, obesity and oxidation • Suppress body weight gain and fat accumulation and levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL. • Effect on gene expression (Arcari et al., 2009). • Suppress fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity (Martins, 2010). • differentiation preadipocytes (Kang et al., 2012).

  16. Effect of green mate in overweight volunteers: A randomized placebo-controlled human study Supplementation with mate extract can support weight loss in overweight volunteers when combined with a balanced diet and regular physical activity. Effect of treatment with green mate extract or placebo on each efficacy outcome after 6 weeks from study start.BMI: body mass index, BF%: body fat percentage, BFM: body fat mass, LBM: lean body mass, WC: waist circumference. (Kim et al., 2012)

  17. Effect of Illexparaguariensis on lipid metabolism, obesity and oxidation • Antioxidant protection • Ingestion of mate tea increased plasma and blood antioxidant protection in patients with dislipydeamia (Boaventura et al., 2012). • Effect of processing on bioactivity • Gross yerba mate reduces fat more efficiently but produces a greater increase in blood glucose (Silva et al., 2009).

  18. Beneficial effect of Illexparaguariensison mutagenesis • Protective effects against DNA damage and esophageal and liver carcinogenesis in rats (da Silva et al., 2009). • Inhibits proliferation of oral cancer cells in vitro (de Mejia et al., 2005). • Saponins in mate promotes apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro (Puangpraphant et al., 2011).

  19. Possible Adverse effect of Illexparaguariensison mutagenesis • Association between Mate consumption and increased risk of oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer. • It is recognized that the effect may be related to other factors: • Temperature of the infusion • Carcinogenic compounds produced during manufacturing • Smoking and alcohol consumption

  20. Mate drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. • Meta-analysis yielded a significant summary odds ratio (OR) of 2.11. • Is this increased risk is due to the high temperature or to certain carcinogenic constituents that are present in mate? • More human and animal studies are needed (Dasanayake et al., 2011).

  21. Compound Extraction from Ilex Paraguariensis • Cebada del mate traditional consumption method using mate and hot water in a 3:4 ratio. • Consumed through a straw with a sieve on the end the mate container can be consumed and refilled 8-10 times and shared with a group. • Every time the mate is exposed to new water the taste and aroma profile change.

  22. Compound Extraction from Ilex Paraguariensis • In hot weather mate can be enjoyed cold as mate tereŕea cool refreshing drink with ice. • The newest way to consume mate tea is familiar to Camellia sinensis drinkers using a tea bag.

  23. Flavor and Aroma of Ilex paraguariensis • Pre-harvest and post-harvest factors have a profound influence on the final mate. • Due to the variability of growing conditions processors have developed a lexicon for describing the flavor and aroma. • Positive aromas are fruity, smoky, toasted, and hay-like. • If any of the aromas are deemed to be overpowering it is viewed as flaw. • The taste of mate has some similarities to green tea with additional flavors like green, paper, and humid.

  24. Commercial Products of Ilex Paraguariensis • Traditionally mate is brewed at the time of consumption in a gourd and consumed with the bombilla. • Convenience has driven the production of mate tea bags. • For even more convenience there are also prepared tea beverages available.

  25. Commercial Products of Ilex Paraguariensis • As previously mentioned some studies have shown that consumption of mate may be hazardous so some consumers may opt for extracts. • These extracts can be used as is in a capsule or as spray dried concentrates for rehydration as a beverage.

  26. References • Arçari DP, Bartchewsky W, dos Santos TW, Oliveira KA, Funck A, Pedrazzoli J, de Souza MF, Saad MJ, Bastos DH, Gambero A, CarvalhoPde O, Ribeiro ML. 2009. Antiobesity effects of yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Obesity 17:127–2133. • Boaventura BC, Di Pietro PF, Stefanuto A, Klein GA, de Morais EC, de Andrade F, Wazlawik E, da Silva EL. 2011. Association of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) intake and dietary intervention and effects on oxidative stress biomarkers of dyslipidemic subjects. Fitoterapia 82:818-26. • Dasanayake AP, Silverman AJ, Warnakulasuriya S.2010. Maté drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 46:82-6. • Kang YR, Lee HY, Kim JH, Moon DI, Seo MY, Park SH, Choi KH, Kim CR, Kim SH, Oh JH, Cho SW, Kim SY, Kim MG, Chae SW, Kim O, Oh HG. 2012. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet. Lab Anim Res 28:23-9.

  27. References • Kima HJ, Kob J, Stornic C, Songd HJ, Choe YG. 2010. Effect of green mate in overweight volunteers: A randomized placebo-controlled human study. Obesity 18: 42–47. Martins F, Suzan AJ, Cerutti SM, Arçari DP, Ribeiro ML, Bastos DH, CarvalhoPde O. 2009. Consumption of mate tea (Ilex paraguariensis) decreases the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in mouse liver. British Journal of Nutrition 101: 527–532. • Puangpraphant S, Berhow MA, de Mejia EG. 2011. Mate (Ilex paraguariensis St Hilaire) saponins induce caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human colon cancer cells in vitro. Food Chem 125: 1171-1178. • Silva RD, Bueno AL, Gallon CW, Gomes LF, Kaiser S, Pavei C, Ortega GG, Kucharski LC, Jahn MP.2011. The effect of aqueous extract of gross and commercial yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) on intra-abdominal and epididymal fat and glucose levels in male Wistar rats. Fitoterapia 82:818-26.

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