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Classification of Living Organisims

1. Classification of Living Organisims. Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. ( three Domains & six kingdoms ). Tree of Life: David Attenbourgh. Goals.

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Classification of Living Organisims

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  1. 1 Classification of Living Organisims Classificationis the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (three Domains & six kingdoms) Tree of Life: David Attenbourgh

  2. Goals • Construct an argument supported by scientific information to explain patterns in structures and function among clades of organisms, including the origin of eukaryotes by endosymbiosis. • Clades: archaea bacteria eukaryotes (fungi plants animals) • Analyze and interpret data to develop models (i.e., cladograms and phylogenetic trees) based on patterns of common ancestry and the theory of evolution to determine relationships among major groups of organisms.

  3. 2 Classification • Classification is an important • In understanding how organisms are related and how they are different. • So that we can work with the diversity of life • Taxonomyis the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.

  4. 3 Aristotle Ancient Greece— • Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC) was the first to use a classification system. • classified living things into twocategories: plants and animals. • Plants -shrubs, herbs, or trees. • Animals -according to where they lived. His classification system was based on structural differences that were seen.

  5. 4 Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Swedish Botantist Considered to be the Father of modern Taxonomy • Based his • classification on characteristics of organisms that were similar. Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.

  6. 6 • In addition to(1)appearanceand (2) behavior, (3)molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4)evolutionary relationshipsare alsoconsidered when classifying organisms. • Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together.

  7. Old New

  8. Mr. Andersen- The Three Domains 8

  9. 9 Theory of Endosymbiosis • The endosymbiotic theorydescribes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell.

  10. 9 • Hierarchical Classification • is a system of grouping things according to a hierarchy, or levels and orders. • It’s a system that progresses general to specific. Each level gets more and more specific.

  11. 10 Eight levels of classification Domain Least alike Taxon: Group or level of classification Most alike Species is the most specific

  12. 11

  13. 12 Example: Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Specific : sapiens How would you write the scientific name? a. homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. Homo Sapiens

  14. 13 CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS DomainEukarya KingdomAnimalia (multicellular organisms that eat food) Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) OrderPerciformes (perch-like fishes) FamilyCentrarchida (sunfishes) Genus Micropterus (types of bass) Species salmoides (largemouth bass) Largemouth Bass: Micropterussalmoides

  15. 14

  16. 15 Scientific NamingBinomial Nomenclature • Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used. • The scientific name of an organism is based on atwo-word systemcalledbinomial nomenclature.

  17. 5 Linnaeus used Latin for the Names of his categories, because this was the language of educated people and not likely to change whereas an everyday language is likely to change. Clip

  18. 16 Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”) Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”) Micropterus salmoidesis the name for a largemouth bass

  19. 17 Binomial nomenclature • The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). • The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. • For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).

  20. 18 DOMAINS & KINGDOMS OF LIFE

  21. Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Cell walls have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic. Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. -ribosomes are different (diff. rRna) -other enzyme differences (polmerases) -Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya

  22. Six Kingdoms of Life Plantae Protista EuBacteria Animalia Archae-bacteria Fungi OLD NAME: Monera

  23. Bacteria Protista • Eubacteria (true bacteria) & Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membrane-bound organelles. • Microscopic & unicellular. • Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. • Heterotropic & autotrophic • unicellular and multicellular organisms with a variety of characteristics • eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. • Heterotropic and autotrophic • Most are microscopic.

  24. Fungi • Consumers that stay put. • Unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment. • Have cell walls made of Chitin

  25. Plantae Animalia • Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. • Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. • Autotrophic-some parasitic- some carnivore. • Multicellular consumers-heterotrophic • Cells do not have cell walls. • Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others.

  26. Khan Academy Review Clip

  27. 20 6 Kingdoms of Life

  28. Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms. Clip

  29. 26 • A tool to identify organisms is called a dichotomous key. • It is made from pairs of contrasting characteristics (e.g., has wings/does not have wings).

  30. End Classification….

  31. Phylogenic Tree Clip

  32. A cladogram is a tree-like diagram showing evolutionary relationships.Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related.

  33. Cladogram

  34. Illustrate relationships

  35. Bacteria, Archaebacteria, & the Prokaryotic Domains Video (8:51)

  36. Which of the following are most closely related? A) Elephant and Lizard B) Frog and bird C) Manatee and elephant 30

  37. First Life (start at 8:50) Ms. Wall, may I be excused? My brain is full.

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