Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Sectionalism

2. The North • N. England–Middle Atlantic States, Ohio-Minnesota. • North Flourished because of improved transportation, high economic growth, high birthrate, and immigration.

3. Industrial Northeast • Organized Labor • Industrial development led to large pay rosters. Common problems such as unsafe conditions, long hours, and low pay. • This led to organized labor unions such as the U.S. labor party. • Commonwealth v. Hunt- led to the labor party’s right to negotiate contracts with employers. • Urban Life: • With the rise of industry cities became overpopulated. Slums, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, and high rates of crime became commonplace. • This however did not stop immigration. • Africans Americans: • In 1860 most African Americans in the north were free citizens. • They held their own land and had families but no equality. • In the mid 1800s new immigrants took over the jobs that Africans Americans once held.

4. The Agricultural Northwest • Consisted of six states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. • Very important to the north, since it was the way American troops moved the N. Americans away and building of canals. • Agriculture: • Crops that were profitable were corn and wheat. They were also harvested quicker through the new invention of John Deere (Steel Plow) and Cyrus McCormick (Mechanical Reaper). • Crops were supplied to brewers and distillers, feed farm animals, and fed the urban cities up north. • New Cities: • Many cities began thriving on the transport business (they were close to the Great Lakes). Some were Buffalo Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago- Great Lakes and Cincinnati on the St. Louis River. • Theses cities served as transport and distribution hubs to provide the material harvested in the south to the rest of the country.

5. Immigration • Many began coming in from Europe to seek new economic opportunities or to seek freedom from their problem stricken homelands. • 50,000 immigrants was the average amount America received in one year. • They were due to: • Rapid and inexpensive methods of travel • Famines and revolutions in their native countries • “The streets were paved with gold in America” phrase. • Irish • Reasons for immigration included: 1) Potato famine (main crop) 2) Faced discrimination for being Roman Catholic in a society were Anglicanism was the main religion. • However as soon as they came to America they worked hard and cheap wages. • Due to the limited opportunities in America, they formed collectives and/or joined politics. They were primarily Democratic (Democrats = anti-British). • Germans • Moved due to the fail of democratic revolutions and economic hardships. • They had some skill as artisans but they ventured to the west in search of farmland. • Strong Supporters of public education and opponents of slavery. • Nativists: • Alarmed by growing number of immigrants taking over the jobs of native born Americans (end to Anglo majority) Protestants took part in riots which protested the influx of immigrants. Their society was known as the Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner Society. In politics they became the Know-Nothing Party • Before the Civil War this movement died out but later reincarnated.

6. The South • Agriculture and King Cotton • Tobacco, rice, and sugarcane were important cash crops. Cotton was king. Development of Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, made cotton cloth affordable. 2/3rds of worlds cottoncame from the South. • Slavery the Peculiar Institution • The Cotton boom was directly influenced by the increase in the number of slaves. • Some were smuggled, while others were present due to the rigidity of the slave codes. • Slaves did any work their master commanded them to do. They were field workers, craftsman, and servants. As the cotton boom came around the price of a slave increased. • Condition of Slavery were always poor and inhumane. Slaves were considered property (families broken apart). However strong culture and religion tied slaves together. • Although Slavery was present, the resistance was high: • Denmark Vesey 1822 and Nat Turner 1831 were quick and short attempts for freedom. However their failures gave hope to slaves that one day they might be freed. • Free African Americans • 250,000 African Americans were not slaves in the south. However the local culture placed them in a slave like status. Some who resided in the North were in danger of being kidnapped and resold into bondage. • Some preferred to stay in the South and tried to be close to loved ones in bondage or “better” economic opportunities.

7. Southern Society

8. Southern Thought • Code of Chivalry • Southern Aristocracy believed in personal honor, defense of womanhood, and paternalistic treatment of all who are inferior. • Education • Upper class received a college education. • Most Upper Classmen went into farming, law, the ministry, and the military. • Lower Class went up to the lower elementary grades • Slaves were not permitted education to keep the intellectual reasoning part at a minimal. • Religion • The religion that supported slavery remained large like the Methodist and Baptists. • Unitarians, Catholics, and Episcopalians declined due to opposition to slavery.

9. The West • Native Americans • The original settlers of the West. • Exodus: By 1850 the majority of N. Americans were forced to migrate to the west of Mississippi River. Most on the east were killed or forcefully moved. Most moved to the G. Plains. • Life on the Plains: They relied on nature. Some were agrarian societies while others with the aid of horses became nomadic tribes. • The Frontier • The frontier symbolized a place where a “New and Improved” life maybe started. • Mountain Men • From the early days, Mountain Men were people who had ventured into the fur trade. However in this period Mountain Men served as the guides who led settlers to the West. • White Settlers on the Western Frontier • Life was very difficult, many died of starvation. • Women- Multitasking was common-place. They're main task was to take care of their family. • Environmental Damage- Settlers didn’t understand the delicate nature. As settlers migrated they used the land till it was barren and left it for a new piece of fertile land.