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The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003

The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003. Ralph Fehr, P.E. Engineering Consultant. The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003.

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The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003

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  1. The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003 Ralph Fehr, P.E. Engineering Consultant

  2. The Mathematics of the Great U.S. Blackout August 14, 2003 Note: The photograph on the preceding slide has been circulating on the Internet since shortly after August 14, 2003. It is impressive, dramatic, and FAKE. But it does attempt to indicate the huge impact and expanse of the August 14 event, and most importantly, it makes for a cool title slide! Ralph Fehr, P.E. Engineering Consultant

  3. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) NERC is a not-for-profit company formed after the 1965 Northeast Blackout to promote the reliability of the bulk electrical system that serves North America.

  4. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) NERC is divided into 10 regional reliability councils. Each council monitors utilities within its geographic area.

  5. North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)

  6. 3 Interconnections / 10 NERC Regions

  7. NERC Control Areas

  8. NERC Reliability Coordinators

  9. Footprints of Reliability Coordinators in Midwest

  10. The August 14, 2003 Blackout was caused by a cascading series of events. What started the ball rolling?

  11. A wire attached at two points sagsunder its own weight.

  12. The amount of sag is a function of tension. Tension is a function of wire temperature and weight. Temperature is a function of several variables – but a major contributor is electrical loading. Temperature increases with electrical loading SQUARED. As the wire temperature INCREASES, the tension DECREASES. For a level span, the maximum sag D is the y-coordinate at the midpoint of the line, and is given by: where S = span length TH = horizontal component of tension w = conductor weight per unit length

  13. Effects of Ambient Conditions on Ratings

  14. y y = cosh(x) x Mathematical Analysis of Root Cause Alternate Mathematical Analysis of Root Cause Cost maintenance > 0

  15. Outage Sequence of EventsTransmission Map Key

  16. ONTARIO ONTARIO East Lake 5 Trip: 1:31:34 PM 2 1

  17. Stuart Atlanta Trip: 2:02 PM

  18. MISO State Estimator andReliability Analysis • MISO state estimator and contingency analysis ineffective from 12:37 to 16:04 • State estimator not solving due to missing information on lines out in Cinergy then DPL • Human error in not resetting SE automatic trigger • Using Flowgate Monitoring tool to monitor conditions on previously identified critical flowgates

  19. FirstEnergy Computer Failures • 14:14 Alarm logger fails and operators are not aware • No further alarms to FE operators • 14:20 Several remote consoles fail • 14:41 EMS server hosting alarm processor and other functions fails to backup • 14:54 Backup server fails • EMS continues to function but with very degraded performance (59 second refresh) • FE system data passed normally to others: MISO and AEP • AGC function degraded and strip charts flat-lined • 15:08 IT warm reboot of EMS appears to work but alarm process not tested and still in failed condition • No contingency analysis of events during the day including loss of East Lake 5 and subsequent line trips

  20. Phone Calls to FirstEnergy • FE received calls from MISO, AEP, and PJM indicating problems on the FE system but did not recognize evolving emergency • 14:32 AEP calls regarding trip and reclose of Star-S. Canton • 15:19 AEP calls again confirming Star-S. Canton trip and reclose • 15:35 Calls received about “spikes” seen on system • 15:36 MISO calls FE regarding contingency overload on Star-Juniper for loss of Hanna-Juniper • 15:45 FE tree trimming crew calls in regarding Hanna-Juniper flashover to a tree • PJM called MISO at 15:48 and FE at 15:56 regarding overloads on FE system

  21. The Chamberlin - Harding 345 kV line sags into a tree at 3:05:41. Contact with tree causes a ground fault which results in very high current. The protective relays on the Chamberlin – Harding line sense the high current and trip (de-energize) the line. A Digital Fault Recorder (DFR) at nearby Juniper Substation recorded the fault current.

  22. Chamberlin-Harding (3:05:41)

  23. Chamberlin-Harding Indication of Ground Fault Due to Tree Contact as Measured by DFR at Juniper y = ex sin x NOT STABLE should be y = e-x sin x

  24. Hanna-Juniper (3:32:03) (3:05:41)

  25. Hanna Juniper Confirmed as Tree Contact atLess than Emergency Ratings of Line

  26. (3:05:41) (3:32:03) Star- S. Canton (3:41:35)

  27. ONTARIO Situation after Initial Trips 3:05:41 – 3:41:35

  28. Canton Central – Tidd (3:45:41)

  29. 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Anatomy of a Cascading Outage Source Load

  30. 0% 25% 25% 25% 25% Anatomy of a Cascading Outage Source Load

  31. 0% 0% 33% 33% 33% Anatomy of a Cascading Outage Source Load

  32. 0% 0% 0% 50% 50% Anatomy of a Cascading Outage Source Load

  33. 0% 0% 0% 0% 100% Anatomy of a Cascading Outage Source Load

  34. 138 kV Lines Overload and Cascade Near Akron

  35. 138 kV Cascade Contributes Furtherto Overload of Sammis-Star 15:51:41 EDT 15:05:41 EDT 16:05:55 EDT 15:32:03 EDT 15:41:35 EDT

  36. Sammis-Star (4:05:57.5)

  37. Sammis-Star Zone 3 Relay Operateson Steady State Overload Operating point must lie below blue curve, or line will trip. As loading on line increases, operating point moves up and to the left.

  38. Actual Loading on Critical Lines

  39. Actual Voltages Leading to Sammis-Star

  40. Remaining Paths Major Path to Cleveland Blocked after Loss of Sammis-Star 4:05:57.5 PM

  41. ONTARIO 345 kV Lines Trip Across Ohio to West

  42. ONTARIO Generation Trips 4:09:08 – 4:10:27 PM

  43. 345 kV Transmission Cascade Moves North into Michigan 4:10:36 – 4:10:37 PM

  44. Northern Ohio and Eastern Michigan Served Only from Ontario after 4:10:37.5 – 4:10:38.6 PM

  45. Power Transfers Shift at 4:10:38.6 PM

  46. Eastern Eastern Michigan (Detroit) UnstableVoltage and Frequency Collapse and Pole Slipping Ontario – Michigan Interface Flow and Voltages Beginning 16:10:38

  47. Generator Trips to 16:10:38

  48. Generator Trips – Next 7 Seconds

  49. Overloads on PJM – NY Ties 4:10:39 PM

  50. PJM – NY Separating 4:10:44 PM

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