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Stocks and Investing

Stocks and Investing. Course Objectives. Explain What is a Stock. Explain the Types of Stocks. Explain the Classification of Common Stock. Describe the Role of Beta in Your Portfolio. List the Various Stock Screening Criteria. Explain the Types of Analysis in Stock Trading.

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Stocks and Investing

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  1. Stocks and Investing

  2. Course Objectives • Explain What is a Stock • Explain the Types of Stocks • Explain the Classification of Common Stock • Describe the Role of Beta in Your Portfolio • List the Various Stock Screening Criteria • Explain the Types of Analysis in Stock Trading • Explain the Ratios for Valuing Firms • List the Criteria for Choosing a Broker • Explain the Common Stock Investing Strategies • Explain the Steps of a Typical Stock Transaction • Explain How to Read Stock Quotations • Explain the Calculation of Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE) • Explain the Key Terms of Stocks and Investments • Describe the Rights of a Stockholder • Describe the Various Investment Options

  3. Introduction Peter Looney works as an executive. For a long time, Peter has felt that he should invest the extra amount of money that he makes from his job.

  4. Introduction He has been saving in cash form for a long time. However, he wants that he should use the saved amount to invest in something that could help him multiply his money and help grow his finances.

  5. Introduction Peter has always thought of starting a business venture to grow his money, however, he is greatly averse to the huge amount of risk involved in any business venture. So, Peter starts asking advice from his colleagues about what possible investment options are available in the market.

  6. Introduction George, one of Peter’s colleagues, advices him to invest in stocks and mutual funds. Stocks are the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest also known as ‘equity’.

  7. What is a Stock? • Any business needs money or capital whenever it has to start its operations or expand its business operations. • Thus, in order to raise this capital for a business start-up or expansion, the corporation would offer shares of stock for sale to the public.

  8. Why Stocks should be in Your Portfolio? • You should include stocks in your diversified portfolio because the individual stocks in a diversified portfolio can reduce the overall risk of your portfolio. • Dividends and capital gains are taxed at a lower preferential federal tax rate and so if tax planning is done wisely, then stocks can prove to be tax-efficient assets.

  9. Cyclical Stocks • Cyclical Stocks: • ‘Cyclical Stock’ is stock exhibiting above-average sensitivity to the business cycle. • These are issue by companies whose share prices move up and down with the state of the economy. Cyclical Stocks

  10. Understanding Leverage 1 • Also, when you borrow money for investing the rate of return on the loan is fixed, however, there is no fixed or guaranteed rate of return on your investments. • Therefore, it is very natural that the ‘Leverage’ increases your risk as you invest more than your own financial capacity by borrowing from others. • ‘Leverage’ is another important concept while learning about stocks and investing. ‘Leverage’ is the process of increasing your purchasing power by borrowing money to invest in more assets. 2 3

  11. Hidden Costs ‘Hidden Costs’ are the costs that you have to bear while investing in stocks that are not included in the ‘Explicit Costs’ and the ‘Implicit Costs’. Some of the ‘Hidden Costs’ that you should look out for while investing in stocks are as follows: Sales Charges or Loads Account Maintenance Fees Interest on Margin Loans Account Transfer Fees Account Transfer Fees Inactivity Fees Minimum Balance Fees • Hidden Costs Account Transfer Fees: ‘Account Transfer Fees’ are the charges that you need to pay for moving assets either into or out of an existing account. Let us look at each in detail.

  12. Interest Rate Risk • Interest Rate Risk: • ‘Interest Rate Risk’ is the risk caused by the rise or fall in interest rates which may result in a decline or rise in the stock’s value. Interest Rate Risk

  13. Political or Regulatory Risk • Political or Regulatory Risk: • ‘Political or Regulatory Risk’ is a risk that unanticipated changes in the tax or legal environment will have an adverse impact on a business. Political or Regulatory Risk

  14. Stock Screening Criteria It is very important that you should screen each and every stock that you intend to buy or sell before deciding on a purchase or sale. Screening the stock carefully on certain crucial criteria will help you make informed and wise decision to safeguard your money against risk as well as losses.

  15. Using all this research data, they then determine the intrinsic value of the company. The value and image of the stock gets affected by fundamental analysis, especially when analysts forecast earnings which are significantly different than the market consensus. Fundamental Analysis • Fundamental Analysis The chief assumption on which ‘Fundamental Analysis’ is carried out is that the value of the stock can be determined based on the future earnings of the company. Financial Analysts carry out thorough research on the background and operations of a company, the state of the industry to which the company belongs, the global industry and the global economy etc.

  16. Technical Analysis • Technical Analysis The chief assumption on which ‘Technical Analysis’ is carried out is that supply and demand are the key factors needed to understand stock prices and market trends. Therefore, the company’s value is determined in Technical Analysis by focusing on psychological factors such as greed and fear and also economic factors.

  17. Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE) • The ‘Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE)’ is defined as the market price of the stock divided by the Earnings-per-Share (EPS). This basically means it is what you would pay for $1 of earnings. • The PE Ratios is one of the most widely used ratios. It is chiefly used to compare financial performance of different companies. • Price-to-Earnings Ratio (PE)

  18. Buy and Hold Strategy • Buy and Hold Strategy Hold Buy and Hold Strategy: A ‘Buy and Hold Strategy’ is the strategy of buying a financial asset and not selling it for an extended period of time. Hence, this is a long-term strategy. It proves to be very cost-effective.

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