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Characterizing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Biomass Harvesting and Processing

Characterizing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Biomass Harvesting and Processing. Shuai Zhang Ag. And Biological Eng. Dept. Pennsylvania State University. Background. Renewable Revolution: Bioenergy Energy Crops: Miscanthus and Switchgrass Machine and Field Efficiency

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Characterizing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Biomass Harvesting and Processing

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  1. Characterizing and Modeling Mechanical Properties of Biomass Harvesting and Processing Shuai Zhang Ag. And Biological Eng. Dept. Pennsylvania State University

  2. Background • Renewable Revolution: Bioenergy • Energy Crops: Miscanthus and Switchgrass • Machine and Field Efficiency • Energy Consumption

  3. Background Biomass Harvesting and Handling Miscanthus Harvester

  4. High Efficiency

  5. Goal • The goal of this research is to quantify main design parameters of biomass handling machines through experimental studies for engineers to find innovative solutions of increasing machine efficiency and field capacity.

  6. Objectives • Static and dynamic properties on cutting, bending, and compression processes • Energy consumption requirements and mathematic models • Mechanical behaviors of bulk densification process • Quality of bulk densified energy crops

  7. Hypothesis • H1: Loading speed and type of tools changes • H2: Moisture content and maturity of energy crops • H3: Diameters, special mass and node or internode • H4: The biomass additives • H5: The bulk density of compressed materials

  8. Methodology(Overview)

  9. Material Collection Agronomy Farm of Pennsylvania State University Julian, Center Country, Pennsylvania

  10. Aging: Select Harvest Time • Highest yield: August or September • Nutrient remobilization: November to March • Aging: Composition change-lignin and cellulose change • Mechanical Properties • Conversion and machine efficiency during harvesting

  11. Composition Test

  12. Physical Characteristics • Biomass handling and delivering Moisture content Bulk density Diameter and height Specific mass

  13. Mechanical Properties • Force or stress that the material withstand and resisted • Cutting: max. stress • Bending: Young’s modulus: max. bending stress; yield point • Compression : Compressive Stress; Energy • The relationships of factors

  14. Cutting Test Harvester cutting mechanism

  15. Cutting Test • Cutting Tool and Load • Cutting Speed: Static • New and Used Blades • Sickle and Mower Blades

  16. Device for Dynamic Testing Adjustable Weight Tool Height to control the end velocity Crop sample Shock absorber

  17. Cutting Test • Characteristics of Energy Crops • Maturity • Node and Internode

  18. Cutting Test • Loading speed: static: 5 in/min dynamic: 18000 in/min • Measurement: Cutting force; Displacement; Diameter • Calculation: Max. cutting force, max. Stress • Energy consumption

  19. Bending Test Round Baler

  20. Bending Test • Load Cell PVC Support

  21. Bending Test • Maturity • Diameter

  22. Bending Test • Loading speed: 1 in/min • Measurements: Bending force; Displacement • Calculation: Bending stress; Bending energy consumption; Young’s modulus

  23. Compression Test (single stem) Compression behavior

  24. Compression Test • Loading speed: 0.8 in/min • Measurement: Compression force; Displacement • Calculation: Compressive stress • Compressive energy consumption

  25. Compression Test • Yield point • Deform elastically • Deform plastically • Non-reversible

  26. Compression Test (Bulk densification) • Bulk densification • Maturity-Mass • Additives

  27. Compression Test (Bulk densification) • 10% volume Grind Sugarcane; 10% Grind Corn Stover • Sugarcane Sugar Combination Lubricant • Corn Stover Ash: Silicon Dioxide Calcium Oxide

  28. Compression Test • Bulk Densification • Loading speed: 10 in/min • Measurement: Compression Force; Volume • Calculation: Compressive Stress； Energy Consumption; Bulk Density

  29. Composition Test • Composition of original crop samples when collected • Composition change after densified with Additives • Component promotes densification • Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin,and Ash

  30. Quality Test • Moisture content • Bulk density; Decay rate • Monitor per month during one year period under different storage conditions

  31. Data Analysis • Force-displacement Curve • Energy Consumption

  32. Data Analysis • Average Maximum Force-displacement Curve • Diameter • Strength

  33. Data Analysis and Expected Result • Factors affecting Force and Energy • Used and New Knife for Cutting

  34. Data Analysis and Expected Result Samples at Different Heights of the Stem Comparison of max compression forces (sample length: 100 mm)

  35. Energy Model Development Factors of Bulk Densification

  36. Prospects • Dynamic properties • New additives (heating) • Tensile properties

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