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CHAPTER 21

CHAPTER 21. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. NUCLEUS. NUCLEONS ARE MADE UP OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS NUCLIDE IS AN ATOM IDENTIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY IS THE ENERGY RELEASED WHEN A NUCLEUS IS FORMED FROM NUCLEONS. NUCLEAR REACTIONS. CHANGES THE NUCLEUS OF A REACTION

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CHAPTER 21

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  1. CHAPTER 21 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

  2. NUCLEUS • NUCLEONS ARE MADE UP OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS • NUCLIDE IS AN ATOM IDENTIFIED BY THE NUMBER OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS • NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY IS THE ENERGY RELEASED WHEN A NUCLEUS IS FORMED FROM NUCLEONS

  3. NUCLEAR REACTIONS CHANGES THE NUCLEUS OF A REACTION EXAMPLE + +

  4. RADIOACTIVE DECAY • SPONTANEOUS DISINTEGRATION OF A NUCLEUS INTO A SLIGHTLY LIGHTER NUCLEUS, ACCOMPANIED BY EMISSION OF PARTICLES, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OR BOTH

  5. TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY

  6. ALPHA EMISSION • AN ALPHA PARTICLE IS TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS BOUND TOGETHER AND IS EMITTED FROM THE NUCLEUS DURING RADIOACTIVE DECAY

  7. EXAMPLE +

  8. BETA EMISSION • A BETA PARTICLE IS AN ELECTRON EMITTED FROM THE NUCLEUS DURING RADIOACTIVE DECAY

  9. + + EXAMPLE

  10. POSITRON EMISSION • A POSITRON IS A PARTICLE THAT HAS THE SAME MASS AS AN ELECTRON, BUT HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE.

  11. + + EXAMPLE

  12. ELECTRON CAPTURE • AN INNER ORBITAL ELECTRON IS CAPTURED BY THE NUCLEUS OF ITS OWN ATOM

  13. EXAMPLE + +

  14. GAMMA EMISSION • GAMMA RAYS ARE HIGH-ENERGY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES EMITTED FROM A NUCLEUS AS IT CHANGES FROM THE EXCITED STATE TO A GROUND ENERGY STATE.

  15. PRACTICE The alpha decay of iridium-174

  16. PRACTICE The beta decay of platinum-199

  17. PRACTICE Positron emission from sulfur-31

  18. PRACTICE Krypton-76 undergoes electron capture

  19. HALF LIFE-t1/2 • TIME REQUIRED FOR HALF OF THE ATOMS OF A RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDE TO DECAY

  20. REPRESENTATIVE RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDES AND THEIR HALF-LIVES

  21. HALF LIFE CALCULATIONS t1/2=TIME ELAPSED X 1/HALF LIFE AMT REMAINING=STARTING AMT X (1/2)n WHERE n=THE NUMBER OF HALF-LIVES

  22. EXAMPLE PHOSPHORUS-32 HAS A HALF LIFE OF 14.3 DAYS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF PHOSPHORUS-32 REMAIN AFTER 57.2 DAYS IF YOU START WITH 4.0 mg OF THE ISOTOPE? 0.25mg

  23. PRACTICE If the half-life for the radioactive decay of zirconium-84 is 26 minutes and I start with a 175 gram sample, how much will be left over after 104 minutes? 10.9g

  24. PRACTICE ASSUMING A HALF-LIFE OF 1599 YEARS, HOW MANY YEARS WILL BE NEEDED FOR THE DECAY OF 15/16 OF A GIVEN AMOUNT OF RADIUM-226? 6396 YEARS

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