Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence

What is intelligence? being able to do lots of math in your head grandiloquence(a fancy word for using fancy words) being able to memorize lots of names and dates knowing how to say words in different languages having a photographic memory Can you think of any others? knowing everything in the encyclopedia What do you think makes a person “intelligent”? Some ideas:

Intelligence is complicated These things make you smart, but not necessarily intelligent Intelligence is more than just “book smarts” A computer can solve massive equations in less than a second but it still isn’t intelligent like you are Humans have many different types of intelligence; computers only really have one.

Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences Bodily-kinesthetic Interpersonal Verbal-linguistic Logical-mathematical Naturalistic (*) Intrapersonal Spatial Musical http://www.literacyworks.org/mi/assessment/index.html

Computers and Intelligence • How well do you think a computer would do in your math class? • What about your English class? • How did you learn to be good at these things? • Practice, practice, practice…

Can a computer “think”? • “The question of whether Machines Can Think... is about as relevant as the question of whether Submarines Can Swim.” • Edsger W. Dijkstra • Is thinking the same thing as learning? • Let’s find out…

More on “thinking” • "Can machines fly?" This is true, since airplanes fly. • "Can machines swim?" This is false, because submarines don't swim. • "Can machines think?" Is this question like the first, or like the second? • Drew McDermott: "Saying Deep Blue doesn't really think about chess is like saying an airplane doesn't really fly because it doesn't flap its wings.“ • John Searle: A thinking machine can only be a simulation

How do we know if something is intelligent? We know how to judge intelligence in humans, so how can we test for intelligence in machines? We compare them to humans! Alan Turing thought up a test to see if a machine is as intelligent as a human. It goes like this:

The Turing Test

Turing Test • Put a person at a computer. Hook this computer up to 2 other computers in a chat program: • One has a person on the other end, the other has a computer • If the 1st person can’t tell which is the machine and which is human, it’s true Artificial Intelligence

However… • Not one single computer has ever passed the Turing test! • Here’s an example of one trying, and failing miserably…

So much for intelligence… • A chat with Cleverbot

More unintelligent robots • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnzlbyTZsQY • Siri? • Autocorrect?

What next? • So we’ve established that so far, no computer has ever managed to pass as a human • Why do you think this is? • What do you think its learning algorithms look like?

Uncanny Valley • Do we need or want robots that are human-like?

Social Robots • Kismet, Leo, and social robots: • http://www.ted.com/talks/cynthia_breazeal_the_rise_of_personal_robots.html

Discussion The moving camera robot seems to be like having a hologram, but physical. What do you think of this over taking a plane to go visit family overseas? Is it creepy or cool to have a robo-friend? Do you think these will replace real friends?

“Strong” vs. “weak” AI • “Strong” AI means intelligence in the way we humans think of it: being able to act and think like us • “Weak” AI, also “applied” or “narrow” AI, is made to respond to specific situations intelligently, though not necessarily with human intelligence

Is strong AI possible? Computers fail the Turing Test because it tests for general intelligent action or “strong AI” Strong AI encompasses everything a human can do, which is a lot. Some robots, however, can be programmed to learn, so even if they can’t do something now, they can write their own programs for themselves. Some philosophers don’t even think strong AI is possible.

Synthetic Intelligence • Another term for AI that emphasizes the idea that computer intelligence doesn’t need to imitate human intelligence • We’ve come up with many weak AI and calculating programs that are much more efficient than humans • Calculators • Such as programs you learned to write in Python for converting temperatures and the Pythagorean theorem.

Applications of AI • Speech recognition • Handwriting recognition • Natural language translation (harder than it seems; that’s why you should never use FreeTranslation.com to do your Spanish homework) • Video game virtual opponents • Diagnostics (WebMD, anyone?)

Philosophy of AI • You’ve all seen sci-fi movies with evil robots or machines that can think • Is it even possible to program something to think for itself?

The Future of AI • We may only have weak AI now, but people are still doing research to make strong AI in the future • Perfecting learning algorithms • There’s research in using neural networks to build better AI • Predictive modeling, adaptive control (like neurons in the brain)

What are people doing right now? • Robots that fly, cooperate, and map rooms: • http://www.ted.com/talks/vijay_kumar_robots_that_fly_and_cooperate.html • Vijay Kumar and his team build flying, small, agile robots that swarm, sense each other, and form specialized teams -- for construction, surveying disasters and far more.

Games! • Intelligent Piece of Paper Game • 20 Questions • http://www.20q.net/ • Akinator (20 Questions for people/characters) • http://en.akinator.com/

Artificial Intelligence