Psychology 220 Unit 8: Classifying Mental Disorders, continued

1. Psychology 220Unit 8: Classifying Mental Disorders, continued David Rude, MA, CPC

2. Behavior Therapy • Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior • Deep insight is not necessary • Focus on the present • Cannot change the past • No reason to alter that which has yet to occur • People learned to be the way they are • They can relearn more appropriate behaviors

3. Aversion Therapy • Associate a strong aversion to an undesirable habit like smoking, overeating, or drinking alcohol • EX: Rapid Smoking • Antabuse for alcoholism

4. Desensitization • Systematic desensitization • Reduction in fear, anxiety, or aversion brought about by planned exposure to aversive stimuli. • Hierarchy • Rank-ordered series of steps • Begin with least offensive and gradually move to more threatening stimuli

5. Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive therapy • Change thinking patterns that lead to problematic behaviors or emotions • Focus is on • Self-talk • Distorted thinking in Unit 3 • Beliefs • Stated • Core

6. Adjustment Disorders • Adjustment Disorders • Emotional disturbance caused by on-going stressors within the range of common experience • Person is pushed beyond ability to cope effectively

7. Adjustment Disorders • Symptoms • Sleep disturbances • Irritability • Anxiety • Apathy • Depression • Loss of appetite, • Other physical complaints • Symptoms disappear when life circumstances improve

8. Adjustment Disorders • Differs from anxiety disorders • Outward symptoms are similar • Adjustment disorders • Disappear when a person’s life circumstance improve • Anxiety disorders • Generate their own misery, regardless of what’s happening around them • Autonomous to circumstances

9. Panic Disorder • Agoraphobia • Fear that something extremely embarrassing will happen if they leave home or enter an unfamiliar situation • Now refers simply to avoidance behavior • Usually described as Panic Disorder.

10. Panic Disorder • Panic attack • Period of intense anxiety that occurs for no rational reason • Anxiety or fear is not • In response to a situation that tends to cause anxiety or fear in most people • Due to an organic cause • Panic Disorder • Intense irrational fear that a panic attack will occur in a public place or unfamiliar situations. • If they avoid places that frighten them it is called Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia.

11. Panic Disorder • Symptoms • Shortness of breath or smothering sensations. • Choking. • Palpitations or accelerated heart rate (tachycardia). • Chest pain or discomfort. • Sweating. • Dizziness, unsteady feelings, or faintness. • Nausea or abdominal distress • continued on next page

12. Panic Disorder • Feelings of unreality (depersonalization or de-realization). • Numbness or tingling sensations • Flushes (hot flashes) or chills. • Trembling or shaking • Fear of becoming seriously ill or dying. • Fear of going crazy or of doing something uncontrolled.

13. Panic Disorder • Seven factors that interact to create a person’s personality. • Family values and beliefs • Methods of discipline • Adult role models • Place within the family constellation. • Biological inheritance. • Social conditions • Meaning you gave to each of the above

14. Treating Panic Disorder • Four basic skills • Understanding what produces and maintains excessive anxiety • Learn anxiety and stress reduction skills. • Cue controlled relaxation • Copying self-statements • Diaphragmatic breathing • Distraction (redirection)

15. Treating Panic Disorder • Moderating beliefs, habitual thinking patterns, and personality traits that generate excessive anxiety. • Perfectionism • Excessive need for approval • Using exposure and other behavioral approaches to overcome self-defeating behaviors associated with anxiety

16. Treating Panic Disorder • Two keys to long-term recovery • View anxiety as a messenger • Learning to hear the message it brings. • “Normalizing” yourself

17. False Beliefsand Perfectionism • Perfection is possible • Perfection by definition is impossible. • If my goal is perfection I’m guaranteed failure. • Perfection is a direction, not a place. • My value is determined by my achievements • Separate my value from the value of the things I do

18. False Beliefsand Perfectionism • Mistakes are awful • Mistakes are a natural part of the learning process. • Most mistakes are not that important. • Mistakes are gifts of wisdom. • I made a mistake, I am not a mistake.

19. Perfectionism • Three steps for effective problem solving when mistakes are made • What happened? • Can it be corrected? • What can I do differently next time? • What can I learn from this?

20. Excessive Need for Approval • Coping self-statements used to challenge • I don’t need everyone’s approval. • Most of the disapproval I receive has little or nothing to do with me. • In the long run, the people who matter to me will accept me as I am, those who don’t, don’t

21. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • At least six months of chronic, unrealistic, or excessive anxiety • Three steps for dealing with worry • What are the odds? • How bad would it be? • Plan • 1) Prevent • 2) Cope

22. Specific Phobias • Specific Phobias • Irrational, persistent fears, anxiety, and avoidance that focus on specific objects, activities, or situations • People with phobias realize fears are unreasonable and excessive • Cannot control them • Usually disrupts daily life

23. Specific Phobias • Types • Animal: dog, spider, snake • Natural environment: heights, storms, water • Blood, injection, injury, medical procedures • Situational: specific situation such as elevators or bridges • Other: wide range such as vomiting, catching a disease

24. Social Phobia • Social Phobia • Intense, irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated, or embarrassed by others in social situations • crowds, public speaking, urinating in public restrooms, eating out, signing name • Key issue: fear of being scrutinized by others

25. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Extreme preoccupation • With certain thoughts • Compulsive performance of certain behaviors • Obsession • Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent • Cause anxiety and extreme discomfort

26. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Obsession (continued) • Enter into consciousness against the person’s will • Most common: • Being dirty • Wondering if you performed an action (turned off the stove) • Committing immoral acts

27. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Compulsion • Irrational acts that person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will • Help to control anxiety created by obsessions • Common types • Checking • Cleaners • Rituals Watch video on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

28. Stress Disorders • Stress Disorders • Occur when stresses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance • Some common symptoms • Reliving traumatic event repeatedly • Avoiding reminders of the event • Numbing of emotions • Hyper-vigilence

29. Stress Disorders • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – watch video • lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred • may last for years • Typically associated with combat and violent crimes (rape, assault, etc.) • May be delayed

30. Stress Disorders • Acute Stress Disorder • Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event

31. Stress Disorders • Acute Stress Disorder • Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event

32. Mood Disorders • Mood disorder • Major disturbances in mood or emotions such as depression or mania • Two general types • Depressive • Bi-polar • NEW: Sweet Sodas and Soft Drinks May Raise Your Risk of Depression, Study Finds

33. Major Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder: • A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression • Everything looks bleak and hopeless • Suffering is intense • Biology

34. Major Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorders Bipolar I Disorder • Extreme mania and deep depression • Mania • Excited, hyperactive, energetic, loud, grandiose behavior • May experience affective psychosis Bipolar II Disorder • Person is mainly sad but has one or more hypomanic episodes (mild mania)

35. Treatment of Mood Disorders • Two main treatments • Antidepressants • Cognitive-Behavior Therapy (CBT) • Others • Anticonvulsives for Bipolar I • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for Major Depression

36. Other Mood Disorders • Dysthymic Disorder • Moderate depression that lasts for at least two years • Cyclothymic Disorder • Moderate manic and depressive behavior that lasts for at least two years

37. Other Mood Disorders • Reactive Depression • Depression is greater than typical depression • Triggered by a major failure, loss or setback

38. Depression Mania Dysthymic disorderBipolar I Cyclothymic disorder Bipolar II Reactive depression Major depressive disorder

39. Depression Mania B - Dysthymic disorder C + D - Bipolar I C - Cyclothymic disorder C - Bipolar II B - Reactive depression A - Major depressive disorder