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KANS111 The World of Civil Societies Ag Alfa ke 26.11.2008 12:00-14:00. Children for the Nation! Japanese Debate on the Aging of Society Pekka Korhonen. The concept of civil society 。。。. 市民社会 shimin shakai Bürgerliche Gesellschaft Civil Non military Non state
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KANS111 The World of Civil SocietiesAg Alfa ke 26.11.2008 12:00-14:00 Children for the Nation! Japanese Debate on the Aging of Society Pekka Korhonen
The concept of civil society 。。。 • 市民社会shimin shakai • Bürgerliche Gesellschaft • Civil • Non military • Non state • Civilized: ideas and networks between the family, state and the market≈Third sector • Immanuel Kant: Mitbestimmung
… the world population is in the midst of an unprecedented transformation brought about by the transition from a regime of high mortality and high fertility to one of low mortality and low fertility.United Nations 2006, World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision.
Table 1 Japanese fertility rate in selected yearsTheoretical renewal rate of population 2.08石由危機平成不況
Table 3Fertility rates in chosen countries 2000-2005;World 2.65
Source for all these tables: United Nations World Population Prospects, The 2006 Revision Highlights, Table A.15
落合恵美子 Ochiai Emiko (1994) 21世紀家族へ (1997) The Japanese Family System in Transition (2008) (ed.) Asia’s New Mothers Schoppa, Leonard J. (2006) Race for the Exits. The Unraveling of Japan’s System of Social Protection
Japanese production structure during the high growth years経済システム保護 Economic protection終身雇用 Life-time employment年功序列 Seniority principle現代家族 Modern/nuclear family主婦 HousewifeProductivity + security guaranteed
Life courses of a Japanese woman • Housewife + dependence on husband • No children, both spouses working • Single, working
Security problems of a professional housewife • Sufficiency of husband’s salary • Reliability of husband’s salary • Divorce • Rusting of vocational proficiency → Action strategy has been mainly Exit • No children, both spouses working • Single, working
Care of old age • 1990s • Urbanization, working women, small apartments • Exit was not an option (suicide only), thus Voice was the only viable strategy • 介護保険2000 Long-term care insurance • First big reform of social security laws since the 1960s, when labour insurance laws were enacted.
Child care legislation • 1992 maternity allowance in limited cases • 2006 general maternity allowance; 1st child ¥ 5,000 (€40); 2nd ¥ 5,000, 3rd or more ¥ 10,000 per month • Company schemes; トヨタ自動車株式会社: labour force 男60 000, 女4600, administrative professionals 女150.
Public debate as disciplinary action • Maintained generally as an underpolitical issue, not raised within political discussion as a structural and rational problem → problem of personal morality
1997-8 Japanese health and social ministry + university committees; argument: After women have been guaranteed basic social services, as well as positive moral support of the state, employers and husbands, only then do they have the necessary economic and psychological security to make children, while they also can continue working, like most of them wish.
Yamada Masahiro（１９９９）パラサイト・シングルの時代 They enjoy abundant love from their parents […] and simultaneously eat better food than their parents, wear expensive clothing, and travel abroad […] Parasite singles place themselves at the best positions of child and adult. They enjoy the security belonging to children, while they also enjoy the freedom of adults. • George Lakoff: moral arguments within concepts;
三浦展（２００６）下流社会 What is missing from the youth of the bottom current? It is will. They do not have the will to rise to the middle current, or if they are sinking down from there, their will is not strong enough to correct the situation… As a matter of fact they are the same precariat as all over the world
You can crush a 30+ year old woman, however intelligent, successful, professional, wealthy, or beautiful she ever is, simply by saying to her: 『as a woman, you are not happy』。
Getting married and giving birth to babies is the main duty of women [and a national obligation]. Although it would look as if anything was accepted in the modern Japanese society, unmarried women still feel themselves guilty. The life of a Loser Dog is like the life of a criminal. We continuously have to justify ourselves.
Ishihara Shintaro（1932年生）２００１ • ”I would not say like this, Iwai Toshio has said so … but when a woman no more can give birth to children, she turns into a frivolous being. And if she happened to live at the age of 100, she would cause a lot of damage to the earth, using its resources. A man can make babies even if he is very old” • ”Well yes, I thought, but because I am a politician, I of course cannot say such a thing publicly.” （笑い）。
Yanagisawa Hakuo, Health and Social Minister （1931年生） 27.1.2007 • The amount of child-making machines called women is limited. They all simply have to be obligated to give birth to more children. • Cheap for state finances, but irrelevant in terms of results.
When I was 35 years old, I noticed what all Loser Dogs around me had in common. They watched kabuki, and were engaged also in other traditional arts. They used their time and money to rear Japanese culture, instead of rearing children.
