Hi-rate Efficient Data Delivery, Secure Mobile Networking and Network Centric Operations

1. Hi-rate Efficient Data Delivery, Secure Mobile Networking and Network Centric Operations Will Ivancic/PI william.d.ivancic@nasa.gov 216-433-3949 Phil Paulsen/PM phillip.e.paulsen@nasa.gov 216-433-6507

2. Outline • Hi-Rate Data Delivery • Cognitive Networking (local situational awareness) • Smart Modems • Network Centric Operations • Relative to Civil Aeronautics • Secure Mobile Networking

3. Approach Work with ARC, DRC & L3-Communucation to develop & deploy advanced bandwidth efficient, reliable file transport protocols for the Global Hawk UAV Conduct integrated tests of the architecture and protocols in the relevant environment Collaborate with router & radio manufacturers to develop a modem link-property advertisement protocol Real-Time and Store-and-Forward Delivery of Unmanned Airborne Vehicle (UAV) Sensor Data PI: Will Ivancic/GRC • Objectives • Improve the data throughput for Airborne Science by developing and deploying technologies on the Global Hawk UAV that enable efficient use of the available communications links. • Improvements to the Saratoga transport protocol by implementing a rate-based feature, improved store and forward capabilities and congestion control. • Development of a protocol that advertises link properties from modem to router and/or hosts • In a relevant environment, develop and deploy a mobile communication architecture for aeronautical networks based on Internet technologies. Global Hawk Command and Control Network Key Milestones Develop UAV communications architecture 12/09  Rate-based transport protocol initial deployment2/10  Rate-based Saratoga Version 1 for single hop store and forward 6/11  Develop radio-to-router Layer-2 trigger protocol 3/12 Conduct integrated demonstration 5/12 TRLin= 4 TRLcurrent = 4 (Transport Protocol) TRLin= 2 TRLcurrent = 2 (Layer-2 Trigger) Co-I’s/Partners Don Sullivan/ARC

4. Global Hawk

5. Global Hawk Control Room at Dryden

6. SaratogaTransport Protocol

7. Saratoga • Developed by Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) for its Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) remote sensing satellites. • Over seven years of operation • Version 0 (Current Deployment) • Line-Rate • Selective Negative Acknowledgment • File Transfer • Use in highly asymmetric links • Beacons to indicated link available • Version 1 (Additional Features) • Line-rate or rate-based • Beacons also contain Unique Identifier of sender • Files, Bundles (Delay Tolerant Networking) or Streams • Time Stamps option (usable for congestion control) • Can support fully-unidirectional data transfer if required • Capable of efficiently transferring small or large files, by choosing a width of file offset descriptor appropriate for the filesize • Maximum file sizes of 64KiB-1, 4GiB-1, 2^64-1 and 2^128-1 octets

8. Saratoga Status and Strategy • Saratoga Version 0 • Operational on SSTL DMC satellites • Ground testing complete of rate-base settings for SSTL C implementation • Ground testing of GRC PERL implementation • Saratoga Version 1 • Specification at draft version 6 which expires March 2011 • Likely to present at next IETF meeting in Prague or summer meeting in Quebec • GRC work PERL and C++ Implementation • C++ already partially exists from Wes Eddy implementation, but not fully tested – probably 40% complete. • SSTL to work C implementation • Charles Smith implementation provided to GRC for testing • Target is Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder Telescope (ASKAP • Expected to stream 192 parallel 10Gbps feeds from each of the 36 twelve meter dish receivers – a total of just under 70Gbps, or almost eight terabytes per second.

9. Multiple Saratoga streams deliveringreal-time sensor data multiple Saratoga streams delivering real-time beamformed data sensors sensors sensors beamformer sensors sensors sensors beamformer sensors sensors sensors beamformer sensors sensors sensors beamformer beamformer beamformer correlator processed datacubes delivered rapidly as files with Saratoga private links and network beamformer beamformer beamformer supercomputer analysis sensor data flow SNACK Flow further delivery to post-processing and users using traditional Internet technologies (TCP)

10. Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) • Proof of concept for Square Kilometer Array • ASKAP telescope, currently under construction at the Muchison Observatory site • Consists of 36 12- meter dishes with each dish holding 192 bi-polar phased- array feed sensors. • Each sensor generates a 10Gbps stream. This leads to a total of 6,912 individual 10 Gbps streams – almost 70,000 Gbps, or 8.44 terabytes/second (TBps). • Square Kilometer Array • Hybrid telescope, comprising a mix of technologies including single-pixel feeds, sparse aperture arrays, dense aperture arrays and phased-array feed sensors. • Sizes of final data products for individual observation sets in data cubes are expected to range from 30 Terabytes up to 360 Terabytes each • Total sensor data rates generating those processed cubes varying from 0.055 Terabits/s (Tbps) up to 429 Terabits/s

11. Antenna Pedestal MRO Central Site Analogue to Digital Sampler Beam Former 192 Element Focal Plane Array Correlator Control Computer Coarse Filter Bank Fine Filter Bank DWDM Terminal DWDM Terminal Ethernet Switch 36 x Correlator 192 x Coax 64 x 10G 192 x 10G Perth 16 x GbE 4 x 10G 4 x 10G 10G 800km 16 x 1 x 1 x Square Kilometer Array Example

12. (The beginnings of cognitive networking) Layer-2 Triggers

13. Smart Modems • Modem's transmitting and receiving link rates can be varied over time due to the following: • Adaptive coding • Changes in Modulation to suit the channel characteristics. • Changes in transmission rate to suit the channel characteristics • Rate mismatch between RF link local area network. • Serial connections are less of a problem as clocks can be controlled by modem (at least the receiving clock) • Ethernet connections are becoming standard and result in rate mismatch between the LAN interface and the RF link. Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet 1 Gbps RF 3 Mbps Application Modem

14. Issue / Problem • To condition traffic and get the most out of the modem's link capacity, applications need to know the modem's link conditions. • Figure 1 corresponds to existing commercial imaging satellites • Figure 2 is more generic • Desire is to have a standard method for the application to understand the link conditions and adjust • Link Up/Down • Link Unreliable • Data Rates Serial Link RF 3 Mbps Application Modem Figure 1 Ethernet 100 Mbps Ethernet 1 Gbps RF 3 Mbps Application Modem Figure 2

15. Solution • Develop a standard protocol that provides link status conditions • Should be able to provide wide area network (WAN) radio reachback link status to applications that may be multiple hops away. • Uses • Applications can adjust to link state • Route Optimization • Useful for multi-homed systems RF 256 kbps Modem Application Ethernet 100 Mbps RF 3 Mbps Modem

16. Why Mobile-IP for Secure Mobile Networking • Shared Network Infrastructure • $$$ Savings • Ground Station ISP • $400- $500 per satellite pass • No salaries • No heath benefits • No infrastructure costs • System Flexibility • Greater Connectivity • Relatively easy to secure • TCP/IP suite • COTS Standard • Free tools • Skilled professionals available • Tested via general use by 100s of 1000s daily

17. Multi-Domained, Multi-Homed Mobile Networks

18. Common Sectors • Aviation • Maritime • Trains • Trucking (Shipping) • Automotive • Others ??? Common solutions necessary to leverage volume. Aviation is very small community compared to automotive, rail or shipping.

19. Low Rate VHF • Reliable • Low Latency Destination Network (for Entertainment) How Do You Select and Implement the Routing Path? • High Speed SatCom Network • Globally Available • Affected by Weather • Higher Bandwidth • High Latency • High Cost • Low Speed SatCom Network • Globally Available • Low Bandwidth • High Latency • Very High Cost • Redundant Entertainment Mobile Network Command and Control Operations • High Speed Terrestrial • Not Available when Mobile • High Bandwidth • Low latency • Lower Cost • High Speed LOS Network • Globally Available • High Bandwidth • Low Latency • Lower Security • Moderate Cost Internet Destination Network (for Operations) Destination Network (for Command & Control) How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path?

20. Aviation Specific Issues • Safety of Life / Safety of Flight • Time-Critical command and control for Air Traffic Control • Fast convergence time is essential! • New radio link technologies are “uncertified” for Air Traffic Control / Air Operations Communications (ATC/AOC) • Regulatory requirements force network design • Three independent network domains • (required for regulatory, QOS, & security) • Passenger & In-Flight-Entertainment • Airline Operations • Air Traffic Control • Service providers may be authorized to carry one, two, or all services. • ATC will be a “closed network” • Multiple security and authentication architectures

21. Airplane Communications

22. In-Air Communication • Multiple networks with varying criteria for utilizing different links • Aircraft Control Domain • Airline Information Services Domain • Passenger Information and Entertainment Services Domain • Often multiple links will be active to the same domain simultaneously. • May need to have connectivity to 10 or more ISPs depending on what airports one flies into • Need to autonomously connect to service providers • Each airport controls the ISP contracts

23. Antenna Systems • Note, this picture does not show: • Satellite links • Passenger service links • Gate links (WiFi) • Gate links (umbilical cord)

24. Passenger Services Operations LAN (Avionics) Air Traffic Management LAN SATCOM AERO-1 Multiplexing at the Router Communication and Display SATCOM AERO-HH Mobile Network 1 VHF Voice/DATA Mobile Router HF Voice/DATA Mobile Network 2 NEM0-1 NEMO-2 NEMO-3 INMARSAT Swift 64 High-Rate Satellite Sensor Controller (Optional Display) WiFi Max Mobile Network 3 GateLink Cellular How do you decide which path the data should take? How do you cause the network(s) to route the data via this path? Future Links

25. Neah Bay

26. PROXY USCG INTRANET 10.x.x.x Encrypted Network Data Transfers Dock Encryption Mobile LAN 10.x.x.x EAST WEST INTERNET FIREWALL FA - Detroit Encryption EAST WEST HA Dock FA Cleveland 802.11b link Public Address USCG Officer’s Club

27. The Cisco router in low Earth orbit (CLEO) • Put a COTS Cisco router in space • Determine if the router could withstand the effects of launch and radiation in a low Earth orbit and still operate in the way that its terrestrial counterparts did. • Ensure that the router was routing properly • Implement mobile network and demonstrate its usefulness for space-based applications. • Since the UK–DMC is an operational system, a major constraint placed on the network design was that any network changes could not impact the current operational network

28. CLEO/VMOC Network UK-DMC satellite CLEO onboard mobile access router low-rate UK-DMC passes over secondary ground stations receiving telemetry (Alaska, Colorado Springs) 8.1Mbps downlink 9600bps uplink other satellite telemetry to VMOC 38400bps downlink ‘battlefield operations’ (tent and Humvee, Vandenberg AFB) UK-DMC/CLEO router high-rate passes over SSTL ground station (Guildford, England) Segovia NOC USN Alaska Internet secure Virtual Private Network tunnels (VPNs) between VMOC partners mobile router appears to reside on Home Agent’s network at NASA Glenn primary VMOC-1 Air Force Battle Labs (CERES) ‘shadow’ backup VMOC-2 (NASA Glenn) mobile routing Home Agent (NASA Glenn)

29. VMOC negotiates for Space Assets Network Control Center Configures Spacecraft via VMOC VMOC negotiates for ground station services Stored data transferred to ground (Large file transfer over multiple ground stations) Space Sensor acquires data (e.g. image) 7 6 3 5 2 2 4 Stored data transferred to ground 4 Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets 3 VMOC negotiates for ground station services 4 1 Seismic Sensor alerts VMOC Network Control Center Configures Ground Assets Sensor 4 Secure Autonomous Integrated Controller for Distributed Sensor Webs VMOC NOC NOC NOC

30. DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Intermediary DTN Bundle Agent Sink ->> Time ->> Large File Transfer Over Multiple Ground Stations - DTN is a Potential Solution - Ground Station 2 Ground Station 1 Ground Station 3 Open Internet VMOC Satellite Scheduler & Controller Database VMOC Home Agent

31. www.dmcii.com The Cape of Good Hope and False Bay. False colours – red is vegetation. Taken by UK-DMC satellite on the morning of Wednesday, 27 August 2008. Downloaded using bundling over Saratoga, with proactive fragmentation. Fragments assembled at NASA Glenn, then postprocessed at SSTL. First sensor imagery delivered by bundles from space. Palm Island Resort, Dubai, 14 Dec 2003 (UK-DMC)