1 / 29

Mechanical Properties Chapter 4

Mechanical Properties Chapter 4. Professor Joe Greene CSU, CHICO. MFGT 041. Chapter 4 Objectives. Objectives Mechanical properties in solids (types of forces, elastic behavior and definitions) Mechanical properties of liquids_ viscous flow (viscous behavior and definitions)

page
Télécharger la présentation

Mechanical Properties Chapter 4

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Mechanical PropertiesChapter 4 Professor Joe Greene CSU, CHICO MFGT 041

  2. Chapter 4 Objectives • Objectives • Mechanical properties in solids (types of forces, elastic behavior and definitions) • Mechanical properties of liquids_ viscous flow (viscous behavior and definitions) • Viscoelastic materials (viscoelastic behavior and definitions, time dependent) • Plastic stress-strain behavior (plastic behavior and definitions, interpretation and mechanical model of plastic behavior) • Creep and Toughness • Reinforcements and Fillers

  3. Viscoelastic Materials • Polymers are Viscoelastic materials that exhibit • liquid (viscous) or • solid (elastic) properties • Depending upon the time scale of the event; • Short time (fast) event will act like a solid; • Long time (slow) event will act like a liquid. • Depending upon the temperature of the event • Example, Silly Putty • Roll into a ball and drop it to the ground and it BOUNCES like a solid • Place it on a table and leave overnight and it will FLOW and flatten out into a puddle like a liquid. • Heat up the silly putty and the drop it and it will STICK to the ground like a liquid. • Chill silly putty to bellow room temperature and leave rolled up on a table and it will STAY rolled up at that cold temperature

  4. Fundamentals of Mechanical Properties • Mechanical Properties • Deal directly with behavior of materials under applied forces. • Properties are described by applied stress and resulting strain, or applied strain and resulting stress. • Example: 100 lb force applies to end of a rod results in a stress applied to the end of the rod causing it to stretch or elongate, which is measured as strain. • Strength: ability of material to resist application of load without rupture. • Ultimate strength- maximum force per cross section area. • Yield strength- force at yield point per cross section area. • Other strengths include rupture strength, proportional strength, etc. • Stiffness: resistance of material to deform under load while in elastic state. • Stiffness is usually measured by the Modulus of Elasticity (Stress/strain) • Steel is stiff (tough to bend). Some beds are stiff, some are soft (compliant)

  5. Fundamentals of Mechanical Properties • Mechanical Properties • Hardness: resistance of materials to surface indentation or abrasion. • Example, steel is harder than wood because it is tougher to scratch. • Elasticity: ability of material to deform without permanent set. • Rubber band stretches several times and returns to original shape. • Plasticity: ability of material to deform outside the elastic range and yet not rupture, • Bubble gum is blown up and plastically deforms. When the air is removed it deflates but does not return to original shape. • The gum has gone beyond its elastic limit when it stretches, set it remains plastic, below the breaking strength of the material. • Energy capacity: ability of material to absorb energy. • Resilience is used for capacity in the elastic range. • Toughness refers to energy required to rupture material

  6. Mechanical Test Considerations shear • Principle factors are in three main areas • manner in which the load is applied • condition of material specimen at time of test • surrounding conditions (environment) during testing • Tests classification- load application • kind of stress induced. Single load or Multiple loads • rate at which stress is developed: static versus dynamic • number of cycles of load application: single versus fatigue • Primary types of loading compression tension torsion flexure

  7. Standardized Testing Conditions • Moisture • 100F, 100% R.H. • 1 Day, 7 Days, 14 Days • Temperature • Room Temperature: Most common • Elevated Temperature: Rocket engines • Low Temperature: Automotive impact • Salt spray for corrosion • Rocker Arms on cars subject to immersion in NaCl solution for 1 Day and 7 Days at Room Temperature and 140 F. • Acid or Caustic environments • Tensile tests on samples after immersion in acid/alkaline baths.

  8. Stress • Stress: Intensity of the internally distributed forces or component of forces that resist a change in the form of a body. • Tension, Compression, Shear, Torsion, Flexure • Stress calculated by force per unit area. Applied force divided by the cross sectional area of the specimen. • Stress units • Pascals = Pa = Newtons/m2 • Pounds per square inch = Psi Note: 1MPa = 1 x106 Pa = 145 psi • Example • Wire 12 in long is tied vertically. The wire has a diameter of 0.100 in and supports 100 lbs. What is the stress that is developed? • Stress = F/A = F/r2 = 100/(3.1415927 * 0.052 )= 12,739 psi = 87.86 MPa

  9. Stress 0.1 in 1 in 10in • Example • Tensile Bar is 10in x 1in x 0.1in is mounted vertically in test machine. The bar supports 100 lbs. What is the stress that is developed? What is the Load? • Stress = F/A = F/(width*thickness)= 100lbs/(1in*.1in )= 1,000 psi = 1000 psi/145psi = 6.897 Mpa • Load = 100 lbs • Block is 10 cm x 1 cm x 5 cm is mounted on its side in a test machine. The block is pulled with 100 N on both sides. What is the stress that is developed? What is the Load? • Stress = F/A = F/(width*thickness)= 100N/(.01m * .10m )= 100,000 N/m2 = 100,000 Pa = 0.1 MPa= 0.1 MPa *145psi/MPa = 14.5 psi • Load = 100 N 100 lbs 1 cm 5cm 10cm

  10. Strain • Strain: Physical change in the dimensions of a specimen that results from applying a load to the test specimen. • Strain calculated by the ratio of the change in length and the original length. (Deformation) • Strain units (Dimensionless) • When units are given they usually are in/in or mm/mm. (Change in dimension divided by original length) • % Elongation = strain x 100% lF l0

  11. Stress-Strain Diagrams Linear (Hookean) Stress Non-Linear (non-Hookean) Strain • Stress-strain diagrams is a plot of stress with the corresponding strain produced. • Stress is the y-axis • Strain is the x-axis

  12. Stiffness • Stiffness is a measure of the materials ability to resist deformation under load as measured in stress. • Stiffness is measures as the slope of the stress-strain curve • Hookean solid: (like a spring) linear slope • steel • aluminum • iron • copper • All solids (Hookean and viscoelastic) • metals • plastics • composites • ceramics

  13. Modulus • Modulus of Elasticity (E) or Young’s Modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain (within specified limits). • A measure of stiffness • Stainless Steel E= 28.5 million psi (196.5 GPa) • Aluminum E= 10 million psi • Copper E= 16 million psi • Molybdenum E= 50 million psi • Nickel E= 30 million psi • Titanium E= 15.5 million psi • Tungsten E= 59 million psi • Carbon fiber E= 40 million psi • Glass E= 10.4 million psi • Composites E= 1 to 3 million psi • Plastics E= 0.2 to 0.7 million psi

  14. Modulus Types Initial Modulus Tangent Modulus Secant Modulus Stress Strain • Modulus: Slope of the stress-strain curve • Initial Modulus: slope of the curve drawn at the origin. • Tangent Modulus: slope of the curve drawn at the tangent of the curve at some point. • Secant Modulus: Ratio of stress to strain at any point on curve in a stress-strain diagram. It is the slope of a line from the origin to any point on a stress-strain curve.

  15. Testing Procedure • Tensile tests yield a tensile strain, yield strength, and a yield stress • Tensile modulus or Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity • Slope of stress/strain • Yield stress • point where plastic deformation occurs • Some materials do not have a distinct yield point so an offset method is used Yield stress 1000 psi Stress Yield strength Slope=modulus 0.002 in/in Strain

  16. Expected Results • Stress is measured load / original cross-sectional area. • True stress is load / actual area. • True stress is impractical to use since area is changing. • Engineering stress or stress is most common. • Strain is elongation / original length. • Modulus of elasticity is stress / strain in the linear region • Note: the nominal stress (engineering) stress equals true stress, except where large plastic deformation occurs. • Ductile materials can endure a large strain before rupture • Brittle materials endure a small strain before rupture • Toughness is the area under a stress strain curve

  17. Energy Capacity Stress Strain • Energy Capacity: ability of a material to absorb and store energy. Energy is work. • Energy = (force) x (distance) • Energy capacity is the area under the stress-strain curve. • Hysteresis: energy that is lost after repeated loadings. The loading exceeds the elastic limit. Stress Strain Elastic strain Inelastic strain

  18. Creep Testing • Creep • Measures the effects of long-term application of loads that are below the elastic limit if the material being tested. • Creep is the plastic deformation resulting from the application of a long-term load. • Creep is affected by temperature • Creep procedure • Hold a specimen at a constant elevated temperature under a fixed applied stress and observe the strain produced. • Test that extend beyond 10% of the life expectancy of the material in service are preferred. • Mark the sample in two locations for a length dimension. • Apply a load • Measure the marks over a time period and record deformation.

  19. Creep Results Fixed lF l0 Tertiary Creep Creep (in/in) Secondary Creep Constant Load Primary Creep Time (hours) • Creep versus time

  20. Mechanical Properties in Liquids (Viscous Flow) • Polymer Flow in Pressure Flow (Injection Molding) FIGURE 2. (a) Simple shear flow. (b) Simple extensional flow. (c) Shear flow in cavity filling.(d) Extensional flow in cavity filling. Ref: C-MOLD Design Guide

  21. Viscous Flow • Viscosity is a measure of the material’s resistance to flow • Water has low viscosity = easy to flow • Syrup has higher viscosity = harder to flow • Viscosity is a function of Shear Rate, Temp, and Pressure • increase Shear Rate = Viscosity Decreases • Increase Temperature = Viscosity Decreases Ref: C-MOLD Design Guide

  22. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flow Non-Newtonian Shear Thickening Viscosity, cps or Pa-sec Newtonian Non-Newtonian Shear Thinning Shear Rate, sec -1 • Viscosity is a measure of the material’s resistance to flow. • Newtonian Material. Viscosity is constant • Non-Newtonian: Viscosity changes with shear rate, temperature, or pressure • Polymers are non-Newtonian, usually shear thinning Fig 4.4

  23. Viscosity Measurements • Viscosity is a measure of the material’s resistance to flow. • Liquids: (paints, oils, thermoset resins, liquid organics) Measured with rotating spindle in a cup of fluid, e.g., Brookfield Viscometer • Resistance to flow is measured by torque. • The spindle is rotated at several speeds. • The fluid is heated to several temperatures.

  24. Viscosity Measurements Cone, radius r q Plate w • Melts: (plastic pellets, solid particles) • Resistance to flow is measured by torque in cone-and-plate, e.g., Rheometrics viscometer • The plates are heated and the toque is measured • Resistance to flow is measured by flow through tube • Capillary rheometer • Melt Indexer

  25. Viscosity Testing • Melt Flow Index

  26. Melt Index • Melt index test measure the ease of flow for material • Procedure (Figure 3.6) • Heat cylinder to desired temperature (melt temp) • Add plastic pellets to cylinder and pack with rod • Add test weight or mass to end of rod (5kg) • Wait for plastic extrudate to flow at constant rate • Start stop watch (10 minute duration) • Record amount of resin flowing on pan during time limit • Repeat as necessary at different temperatures and weights

  27. Viscoelastic models • Plastics exhibit viscoelastic behavior, to an applied stress • Viscous liquid: Continuously deform while shear stress is applied • Elastic solid: Deform while under stress and recover to original shape Ref: C-MOLD Design Guide

  28. Viscoelastic models • Plastics exhibit viscoelastic behavior, to an applied stress • Viscous liquid: Simple dashpot • Viscoelastic liquid: Spring and Dashpot in series (Maxwell model) • Viscoelastic solid: Spring and Dashpot in Parallel (Voight model) • Elastic solid: Simple Spring • Figure 4-6

  29. Viscoelastic models • Time Dependence of Viscoelastic properties • Viscous liquid: Constant viscosity: Newtonian • Viscoelastic liquid: Viscosity changes at different rates, e.g., higher shear rate reduces viscosity or Shear thinning plastics • Viscoelastic solid: Solid part has a memory to applied stress and needs time for the stress to reach zero after an applied load. • Elastic solid: Simple Spring: Hook’s Law on spring constant • Figure 4-7

More Related