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World Regional Geography April 21, 2010

World Regional Geography April 21, 2010. Reading : Marston Chapter 10 pages 472-503, 506-508 Goode’s World Atlas pages 189-199, 201-213 (East, Southeast, and South Asia). Takstang Monastery, Bhutan. South Asia. Political Boundaries Physiographic Regions History Empires

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World Regional Geography April 21, 2010

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  1. World Regional Geography April 21, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 10 pages 472-503, 506-508 Goode’s World Atlas pages 189-199, 201-213 (East, Southeast, and South Asia) Takstang Monastery, Bhutan

  2. South Asia • Political Boundaries • Physiographic Regions • History • Empires • British Imperialism • Independence & Partition • Afghanistan, Nepal, & Bhutan • Geopolitical Hotspots • Population Characteristics • Environmental History • and Issues • Culture and Ethnicity • Economic Development NASA Satellite Imagery

  3. Political Boundaries

  4. Physiographic Regions • Peninsular Highlands • Deccan Plateau • The Mountain Rim • Fertile valleys & isolated villages • The Plains • Most densely populated • Major rivers systems • Agriculturally productive • The Coastal Fringe • Includes island nations • Number of large cities

  5. History • Mauryan Empire (320 – 125 BC) • Emperor Asoka introduced Buddhist principles of vegetarianism and nonviolence. • Gupta Empire (320 – 480 AD) • Classical period of Hindu development • Advancements in science, art, and trade.

  6. Mughal India (1504-1707) • Turks moving east to evade Mongols • Islamic rule • Further advances in art, science, and architecture. • Collapse of Mughal Empire left South Asia open for European colonialism.

  7. British Imperialism • 1690s – Europeans establish trading posts. • British East India Co. • Portuguese forced out • 1773 - administrative control of India • The Raj – British Rule • Emerged in reaction to revolts of 1857. • Social reform • Infrastructure • Universities • Plantations ** Nepal and Bhutan remained independent

  8. History: Independence & Partition • British India divided along ethnic and religious lines. • India (Hindu) • East and West Pakistan (Islamic) • Islamic Kashmir joined India. • Largest refugee movement ever recorded. • Ceylon achieves independence in 1948. • The Maldives achieve independence in 1968. • East & West Pakistan split in 1971 • Pakistan • Bangladesh

  9. Afghanistan Founded in 1747 by Pashtun tribal leaders (Durrani Empire) 19th Century: British influence 1919: Full independence from Britain following 3rd Anglo-Afghan War Cold War Politics 1978: Communist government reforms, Rural Islamic militants 1979: Soviets invade to support communist government, US supports Afghan mujahideen. 1989: Soviets withdraw 1996: Taliban takes control Afghanistan, Nepal, & Bhutan

  10. Nepal United in 1768 (formerly 3 separate kingdoms) 1768-1951 Monarchy 1996-2006 Civil War (Maoists rebels) Bhutan United in 1907 under a single Monarch In previous centuries minor Bhutanese fiefdoms repelled Tibetan and Mongol invaders. Democracy emerged in the last 10 years Last nation on earth to introduce television (1999). Afghanistan, Nepal, & Bhutan

  11. Festival of Tihar (Nepal) The Festival of Tihar (The festival of Lights) honors the Goddess Laxmi, the goddess of wealth. The second day of the festival is called “Kukar Tihar” (dogs day), during which dogs are honored for the role they play in society. http://www.nepalhomepage.com/society/festivals/tihar.html

  12. Ethnicity & Nationalism • Areas of Political Tension • The Punjab • Sikh separatists • Kashmir • Pakistan • Mohajir Quami Movement • Bhutan • Nepali immigrants • Sri Lanka • Tamil tigers • India • Ethnic separatist movements

  13. 1947 Independence from Britain 77% Muslim Maharaja attempted to achieve independence India helped repel Pakistani invasion Chinese claim Border agreements Afghanistan Great Britain Tibet USSR Mao did not agree Current concerns Nuclear capabilities Jammu and Kashmir

  14. Population Density • Plains regions • Coastal cities • Bangladesh • Ganges delta

  15. Population Characteristics • 2nd largest regional population – fastest growing • 50 cities of 1 million+ population (yet mostly rural) • Afghanistan is an outlier • Life Expectancy = 44, Infant Mortality = 155/10000

  16. Population Policies • Fear of food and water shortages, mass starvation, and food riots due to: • Rural poverty • Rapidly growing cities • High fertility rates • India implemented several unsuccessful population policies beginning in 1952. • Relied on punishments • People distrustful of family planning programs • Newer policies place emphasis on educating women • Improvement in status and wealth • Linked to lower birth rates

  17. South Asian Diaspora • 5 to 6 million South Asians live in Europe, Africa, and North America • British abolition of slavery led to need for cheap labor. • Brain drain • Britain, North America • Students remaining in U.S. and Europe

  18. Environmental History & Issues • Monsoons • Torrential seasonal rainfall (79–158 inches) • Flooding, especially in Bangladesh • Population Pressure • Deforestation • Fuel • Room for agriculture • Overuse of water • Pollution • Water pollution • Poor sanitation • Air pollution • Major cities

  19. Culture & Ethnicity • Language • 1,600 different languages • Four Major Families • Indo-European • India: Hindi • Pakistan: Punjabi • Bangladesh: Bengali • Munda • Tribal tongue spoken in remote peninsular hill regions • Dravidian • Southern India, Sri Lanka • Tibeto-Burmese • Scattered across the Himalayan region

  20. Culture & Ethnicity • Religion • Hinduism • India • Nepal • Islam • Afghanistan • Pakistan • Bangladesh • Maldives • Buddhism • Bhutan • Sri Lanka • Jain • Sikh

  21. Culture • The Caste System (India) • Kinship Grouping • Language, region, and occupation • Born into caste • Marriage within same caste • Norms of interaction between classes • Brahmins (religious leaders) at the top • Untouchables at the bottom • Contemporary Culture • Large middle class • Bollywood • Worldwide impact • Mysticism and yoga • Food - curry

  22. Economic Development • India: World’s largest democracy • 10th largest industrial sector • 1992 instituted reforms to open up economy • Rapid middle class growth • 200 million: well-educated, sophisticated consumers • 1992: Structural Economic Reforms • Increase in manufacturing • Increase in foreign investment • Uneven economic development • Development in urban areas • Rural areas continue to decline • Shift in agriculture to lucrative export crops • Local foods more scarce and more expensive

  23. Poverty and Inequality • Over 400 million live in poverty • Women and children are more vulnerable • Large populations in shantytowns • Both rural and urban populations at risk • Emerging middle class stands in stark contrast

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