Ch 27 Imperialism

1. Ch 27 Imperialism 1850-1914

2. Scramble for Africa Sec 1 and 2

3. How did industrialization lead to imperialism?

4. Imperialism • Imperialism- policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially • The industrialization of western Europe led to the need for raw materials and new markets to sell finished products

5. Why did Europeans not explore Africa earlier?

6. Africa before Imperialism • People were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups • Most followed traditional beliefs • 1,000 different languages

7. Belgians • The exploration of Henry Stanley into the Congo sparked the interest of King Leopold II of Belgium • Leopold claimed he wanted to end slavery and promote Christianity • He instead licensed companies that brutally exploited the Africans by forcing them to collect sap from rubber trees

12. Belgian Effects on the Congo • Belgian Congo was 80 times larger than Belgium • 10 million Congolese died • Britain, Spain, Portugal, Germany, and Italy claim pieces of Africa • Rwandan Massacre

13. What were the forces driving imperialism?

14. Forces Driving Imperialism • Provided raw materials • Provided new market to sell finished goods • Nationalism- each country was determined to have a empire • Racism- belief that one race is superior to another

15. Social Darwinism • Social Darwinism- Darwin’s ideas about natural selection and evolution applied to human society • Survival of the fittest • The European countries believed they had the right and duty to bring their progress to other countries

16. Why were the Europeans so easily able to colonize Africa?

17. Factors Promoting Imperialism • Technological superiority • New guns • Steamships • Railroads • Medicine • Inability of Africans to unite

18. Berlin Conference • Berlin Conference- meeting between 14 European nations that lay down the rules for dividing Africa • No thought to ethnic or linguistic groups • Why was the Berlin Conference important?

21. South Africa • Fought over by 3 groups • Zulus, Boers (Dutch farmers), British • British defeat the Zulus

23. Boer War • Boer War- war in South Africa between the British and the Boers over control of diamonds and gold • Prelude to WWI

26. African Resistance • Africans across the continent resisted European rule • All were unsuccessful except Ethiopia • Success was due to Menelik II who was able to build up modern military weapons while playing the British, French and Italians against each other • By 1914 all of Africa except Liberia and Ethiopia were controlled by European powers

28. Negative Effects • Africans lost control of their land and independence • Many Africans died from new diseases, war, and famines • Breakdown of traditional cultures • Division of the African continent

29. Positive Effects • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation, hospitals and schools in some areas • Economic expansion

30. Middle East Sec 3

31. What problems are there in the Middle East today?

32. Ottoman Empire Loses Power • As the Ottoman Empire gradually lost power, European nations fought to gain control of this strategically important area

33. Geopolitics • Geopolitics- an interest in taking land for its strategic location or products • The Ottoman Empire controlled access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic sea trade • Russia had to go through the Ottoman Empire to access the Mediterranean • Britain was also interested in the region for access to India

35. Crimean War • Crimean War- war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire where Russia was trying to gain a warm water port on the Black Sea • Won by the Ottomans with British and French help • Showed Ottoman weakness

36. Oil • Oil was discovered in the Persia in 1908 • The British began to extract oil but there was not all that much interest until the rise of automobiles

37. British Imperialism in India Sec 4

38. Background • British interest in India began in the 1600s when the British East India Company set up trading posts • From 1757 to 1858 the East India Company was the leading power in India

39. East India Company • Ruled India with little interference from the British government • The company even had its own army led by British officers and staffed by sepoys, Indian soldiers

40. Jewel in the Crown • “Jewel in the Crown”- most valuable of all the British colonies • India was a major supplier of raw materials • 300 million people to buy British goods

41. Raw Materials • Tea • Indigo • Coffee • Cotton • Jute • Opium

42. Impact of Colonialism • Negative • Britain held all political and economic power • Restricted Indian industry • Emphasis on cash crops hurt small farmers • Missionaries and racism threatened traditional society • Positive • Large railroad network • Modern roads, telegraphs, dams, bridges, irrigation • Better sanitation and public health • Schools and colleges • End of local warfare

43. Sepoy Mutiny • Sepoy Mutiny- uprising of Indian soldiers against the British in 1857 • Many Indians resented the racism they faced from the British • Indians were unable to unite due to weak leadership and splits between Muslims and Hindus

44. Sepoy Mutiny • Most princes and maharajahs did not take part in the rebellion • Sikhs also remained loyal to the British • Fighting continued for about a year until the East India Company was finally able to put it down

45. Turning Point • The Sepoy Mutiny is a turning point in Indian history as the British government took direct command of India • Greatly increased distrust between Indians and Brits • Raj- British rule after India came under rule of the crown during the reign of Queen Victoria

48. Nationalism • 2 Nationalist groups in India • Indian National Congress • Muslim League • By the early 1900s both groups were calling for self-government

49. Imperialism in Southeast Asia Sec 5

50. Pacific Rim • Pacific Rim- countries that border the Pacific Ocean • Early in the 18th century Netherlands, British, French, and Germans all claimed parts of Southeast Asia