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5.5 Classification

5.5 Classification. i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D. 5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. Linnaeus; Greek/Latin Genus 1 st : capitalized, underlined Species 2 nd : not cap., but underlined Homo sapiens Later reference can be H . sapiens

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5.5 Classification

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  1. 5.5 Classification

  2. i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D.

  3. 5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. • Linnaeus; Greek/Latin • Genus 1st: capitalized, underlined • Species 2nd: not cap., but underlined • Homosapiens • Later reference can be H. sapiens • Name in brackets afterwards = who 1st named/identified • Malaclemysterrapin [Schoepf] • WHY? • Universal language vs. common names • Show evolutionary relationships

  4. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Plantae Angiospermophyta Magnoliopsida Gentianales Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca milkweed Animalia Chordata Aves Piciformes Picidae Campephilus principalis Ivory-billed woodpecker

  5. 5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. • More similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationships • Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms) • Now...5 (or 6) Kingdoms • Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista (Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

  6. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles, store starch Differences: vegetation (leaves, stems) reproduction

  7. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Bryophyta • Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts • STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry (liverworts) • NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle • Non-vascular • NO xylem/phloem • Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore  new plant • NO flowers/seeds

  8. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Filicinophyta • Ferns & Horsetails • Height up to 20 m • STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous) • Divided LEAVES; ROOTS • Vascular (xylem, phloem) • Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain spores

  9. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Coniferophyta • Conifers, pines • STEMS: woody (lignin) • Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; ROOTS • Vascular system (tracheids) • Trees up to 100 m; Shrubs • Repro structure = monoecious • Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) on same plant but different flowers

  10. 5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Angiospermophyta: • Flowers, fruits, & grasses • STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES • Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem) • Waxy cuticle • Annual or perennial, up to 100 m • Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen grains produced by anthers • Seeds in fruit (ovary)! • (NO cones)  animal pollination often

  11. earthworms

  12. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: 30+ Animal Phyla These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no chlorophyll, store glycogen Phylum Porifera: • Sea sponges • Simple, sessile • # layers in body plan: • none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells • No muscle/nerves, no organs • Opening for mouth/anus: • Neither (filter feed) • Method of support: • silica or Ca spicules linked together

  13. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Cnidaria: • Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals (sessile) • # layers in body plan: • 2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry) • Opening for mouth/anus: • 1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients • Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxins • Method of support: • CaCO3 skeleton

  14. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Platyhelminthes: • Flatworms...Flatty Platty!  • parasitic or free-living • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • 1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area) • No heart/lungs • Method of support: • muscle layers

  15. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Annelida: • Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, polychaetes) • parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some specialization • Gas exchange through skin • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Method of support: • muscle layers

  16. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Mollusca: • Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopus • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills) • Method of support: • muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell

  17. 5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Arthropoda: • Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes • Very diverse & adapted group! • # layers in body plan: • 3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) • Opening for mouth/anus: • Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus • Jointed body segments & appendages; some fly • Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)

  18. 5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. • DICHOTOMOUS Keys • ?  2 alternative answers • Focus on details as you go through • Most characteristics readily observed/measured • Group things... • Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental factors • Shape, # of things • Classify each organism with a final id’d name

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