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WORKS Project – Policy Pillar Workshop - Lisbon 28 th and 29 th November 2005

WORKS Project – Policy Pillar Workshop - Lisbon 28 th and 29 th November 2005. The new dynamics in social collective bargaining in Spain Antonio Martín Artiles and Francesc Gibert Sociological Research Group of Everyday Life and Work (QUIT) Department of Sociology

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WORKS Project – Policy Pillar Workshop - Lisbon 28 th and 29 th November 2005

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  1. WORKS Project – Policy PillarWorkshop - Lisbon 28th and 29th November 2005 The new dynamics in social collective bargaining in Spain Antonio Martín Artiles and Francesc Gibert Sociological Research Group of Everyday Life and Work (QUIT) Department of Sociology Autonomous University of Barcelona Spain www.uab.es/quit

  2. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)State of the art U in contemporary national-level SCB: 1978-1988: SCB 1989-1996: no SCB 1997-2005: SCB Why: From SCB “negotiated adjustment” sisyphus to SCB current metamorphosis (neocoporatist literature)? On-going debate on Southern Europe and Iberian models of SCB

  3. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: Which kind of concertation? 1978-1988: Tripartite pacts on structural economical, social and employment policies. SCB: Low regulation role Statism, flexibilization and companization of labour market and industrial relations Political exchange: State: legitimacy dealing with democratic transition and neo-liberal adjustment confronting a strong crisis (CEOE: Confederational Business Organisation) Unions (UGT and CCOO): democratic industrial relations model, tangible and intangible organization resources (CEOE) and social policy

  4. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: Which kind of concertation? 1989-1996: SCB: No regulation role (reactive regional pacts) Labour market reforms: Statism, flexibilization and companization of labour market and industrial relations (More significative: Labour market Law Unilateral Reform by State’ 1994) Industrial relations agents positions: State: dealing with EMU requirements (CEOE) CEOE: internal and external flexibilization/wage costs Unions: opposition (two state-wide general strikes), non-inflationist wages and low unitary labour costs (productivity)

  5. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends 1994 Labour Market Reform: “Employment circuit flexibility” / “Subsidiarity” Principle: “Soft Regulation” (A. Supiot). - Simplify entry labour market: Temporary Work and non-profit private placement agencies legalised - Aiding internal, functional, geographical and temporal mobility of work. - To simplify dismissal procedures. Organisational or production reasons included as causes for group redundancies - Work conditions become regulated by collective agreements, not of a general nature, or agreed upon between company-employee. Collective agreements contract of employment more weight in regulation.

  6. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: Which kind of concertation? 1997-2005: SCB: Regulation role 1. Recurrent events Bipartite Pacts between unions and employers’ organization Specific topics by negotiation (Pensions, Training, Labour contracts and collective bargaining) Centrality of collective bargaining in different negotiation processes (sectorial, territorial and at company level)

  7. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: Which kind of concertation? 1997-2005: SCB: Regulation role 2. Singular events Tripartite labour market wide law reform’ 1997 based on previous bipartite negotiatons unions and employers’ organization Unilateral labour narrow market reform’ 2001 Non-applied in maximum terms unilateral labour market reform’ 2002 on social benefits (State-wide strike)

  8. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB - 1997-2005: Events Cronology 1997: Multi-industry agreement on job stability. New open-ended contract to promote employment with unjustified dismissal reduced compensation (to 2001) 1997: Multi-industry agreement on collective bargaining. Organise and articulate structure of collective bargaining (to 2001) 1997: Multi-industry on Coverage of Legal Voids. Regulating of working conditions in sectors not covered by collective bargaining (to 2001)

  9. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB - 1997-2005: Events Chronology 1998: New part-time employment contract with improvement in individual social welfare 1999: New regulation temporary work agencies. Workers’ salaries equivalent using service company 2001: Extension of open-ended contract 1997 to some categories of workers. Cost dismissal temporary contracts 2000-2005: Annual bilateral agreements unions and employers’ organization on collective bargaining general contenues

  10. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? - Economy: Expansive economy cycle. Low interest rate: European convergence Internal consumption Private Indebtedness Expansive construction Tourism

  11. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Politics: Popular party (Right-wind: 1996-2000: simple majority /coalition with basque and catalan nationalists, and 2000-2004: absolute majority). March 2004: Socialist Party (PSOE): simple majority Treaty of Maastricht 1992 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997

  12. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Politics: Quantitative orientation: “Any employment is better than nothing”. Flexibility: “Erosion of labour law”. Learning process: Multi-level governance; political coordination at international level: common objectives (Weight transposing European Directives and Orientations)

  13. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Politics: Limits to create public employment Restrictive monetarist policies and the end of “competitive devaluations” States jointly owned sovereignty transferred to EU Mechanism to create employment: Fiscal Policy (Tax deductions “competitives”/consumption incentivated)

  14. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsEmployment Policy Balance according to Lisbon EU Summit Agreements

  15. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Labour Market: Regular expansion. Employment creation Employment: 19,1 million 2005 Temporary employment: 2,9 in 1994 to 5 millions in 2002 Unemployment reduction:1994: 23,9%; 2005: 8,4% Persistent Inequalities (2005): Female unemployment: 11,1%. (Men: 6,49) Migrants unemployment rate: 10,1% (2005). 55% unemployed people: women

  16. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsEmployment Changing Cycle: 1977-2002

  17. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Labour Market: Increasing Temporary Employment: 34,3% in 2005 Increasing Turnover: 2,2 contracts by worker/year in 1995/4,3 in 2002 Weight of short job tenures: 80% temporary contracts less six monts, 60% no more than 1 month. Subcontrating: SMEs (>49 workers) 42% subcontracted “staff”; Large companies (<250 T), more than 50%

  18. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsTemporary Employment Rates 1987-2003

  19. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsProtected flexibility vs. Insecurity (P. Auer - ILO)

  20. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Industrial relations: Latin pluralist model: Key role State Markedly weakness of few centralized and politicized employers’ organizations and unions. High institutional representativity Low presence and influence at workplace level, specially in SMEs Low rates of union membership: falling during the nineties, growing in the last years (+- 18%: 2005)

  21. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trends SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? • Industrial relations: Collective bargaining: Sectorial/local collective agreements Tradition issues Wide coverage Low efficiency More representative unions (CCOO and UGT) Strong and innovative: large companies Unions elections:70% of companies have workers’ committees or representatives; 75% workers’ participation in elections (2005)

  22. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsUnion Membership Rate 1981 8,3 1987 10,3 1993 17,2 2000 17,0 2005 18,0

  23. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Events and trendsResults of Spanish Unions Elections

  24. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB) SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Structural changes? No: consolidation • Monetarist orthodoxy, low added value multinational companies and tourism/construction specialization in a secundary international division of work role • Neoliberal statism. Labour market reform unilateral actions • State/empoyers’ organizations vs. Unions • Unions: “Political influence without workplace presence”

  25. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB) SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Conjunctural changes? YES The role of unions’ interests and learning and conjunctural incentives and constraints to State and Employers’ organizations

  26. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB) SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Conjunctural changes? Unions Orientation Change Non confrontative position collective bargaining (political autonomy and united action) - membership costs (“more insiders’ demand, less eighties political capital”) - no role sector and workplace terrain No state orientation changes in labour law regulation - no tripartite, comprehensive and visible negotiations (no high regulation) Flexsecurity criterion - wage and working time for job security and social policy at state and workplace level (reactive criterion)

  27. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB) SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Conjunctural changes? State and employers’ organizations Control non-inflationist unitary wage cost in disarticulated collective bargaining and low productivity fabric. Effect EMU in the political and economical current Spanish Features State: legitimation dealing with EU Treaty of Amsterdam agreements and citizen perception on unilateral labour market reforms

  28. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB) SCB: 1997-2005. Why? Conjunctural changes? “Revival” dynamics SCB: Translation space: reinforced, but with less contenue and role. Opportunistic and actors’ reactive perception to dealt with labour de-regulation “organized decentralization” at collective bargaining level Key role of collective bargaining: structure and wage Key role of law normative on collective bargaining at state level: centralized guarantees Key role of flexsecurity contenues on collective bargaining at companie level: wage and productivity (working time)

  29. Social collective bargaining in Spain (SCB)Bibliographical references Köhler, H.D. y Martín Artiles, A. (2005): Manual de la sociología del trabajo y de las relaciones laborales, Madrid, Delta Martín Artiles, A. and Alòs, R. (2003): "Between descentralisation and centralisation of collective bargaining. The Spanish case”, in Mering: Industrielle Beziehungen. Zeitschrift für Arbeit, Organisation und Management, Vol. 10, núm.1. Miguélez, F. y Prieto, C. (1999): Las relaciones de empleo en España, Madrid, Siglo XI. Molina, O. (2005): A new century of political exchange? Trade union strategies and concertation in Southern Europe, Communication to SASE Annual Conference. (mimeo.) Pérez, S. (2000): “Social pacts in Spain”, in Fajertag, J. and Pochet, P. (Ed.): Social pacts in Europe, ETUI and OSE, Brussels. Royo, S. (2002): “A new century of corporatism? Spain and Portugal in comparative perspective”, in West European Politics, Vol. 52, num. 3, July.

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