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Pregnancy and Birth

Pregnancy and Birth. The Beginning of the life cycle. Fertilization / Conception. When the males sperm enters the females egg 1 sperm / 1 egg Within seconds of fertilization, the surface of the egg changes so that no more sperm may enter the egg. Zygote. The united egg and sperm

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Pregnancy and Birth

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  1. Pregnancy and Birth

  2. The Beginning of the life cycle

  3. Fertilization / Conception • When the males sperm enters the females egg • 1 sperm / 1 egg • Within seconds of fertilization, the surface of the egg changes so that no more sperm may enter the egg

  4. Zygote • The united egg and sperm • Within 36 hours, while the zygote is in the fallopian tube, it begins to divide

  5. Cell Division • The original cell divides to make 2 cells • 2  4 • 4  8 • 8  16, etc. • From the 2 cell stage until about 9 weeks after fertilization, the growing structure is called an embryo

  6. The Blastocyst • 5 days after fertilization, the embryo reaches the uterus • Floats free • 50 to 100 cells • Blastocyst – sphere ofcells surrounding a hollow center

  7. Implantation • Once the blastocyst forms, it implants itself in the uterus  implantation

  8. Development in the Uterus

  9. Amniotic Sac • After implantation, a fluid-filled bag of thin tissue called the amniotic sac develops around the embryo • It grows as theembryo grows • Embryo floats in amniotic fluid

  10. Placenta • The attachment that holds the embryo to the wall of the uterus • Here, oxygen and nutrients move from the mothers blood into the embryo • Dangerous substances can pass from mother to embryo, too • Alcohol, drugs, chemicals

  11. Umbilical Cord • 25 days • Ropelike structure • Connects embryo to placenta • The embryo’s lifeline • Carry nutrients and oxygen from the placenta to the embryo • Carry wastes from the embryo to the placenta

  12. The Growing Embryo • During the first 2 months: • Major body systems and organs form • Heart, Blood vessels, Kidneys, Endocrine glands • At the end of 2 months: • Embryo is an inch long • Recognizable external features • Eyes, ears, arms, legs • Head makes up 50% of embryo

  13. The Fetus • From the 3rd month until birth, the developing human is called a fetus • 3rd to 6th months – begins to kick • Skeleton and muscles are developing • Nervous system matures • Sense organs begin functioning • Fetus becomes sensitive to light and sound • Alternates periods of activity with sleep

  14. The Fetus • 7th to 9th months • Body size increases; more proportionate • Body fat accumulates • Eyelids open and close • End of 9th month • Fetus is ready to be born

  15. Worksheet Word Bank Fertilization Embryo Cervix Vagina Amniotic Sac Developing Placenta Amniotic Fluid Uterine Wall Umbilical Cord • Blastocyst • Fertilization • Early Cell Division • Blastocyst & Implantation • Late Cell Division

  16. A healthy pregnancy

  17. Staying Healthy During Pregnancy • Proper nutrition • “eating for two” • Exercise • Better meet the energy needs of carrying a baby • Avoiding alcohol and other drugs • Harm, kill, decrease chance to live, lifelong problems • Avoiding environmental hazards • X-rays, lead, mercury (fish), cat litter (parasites)

  18. Prenatal Care • Medical care during pregnancy • Obstetrician – doctor specialized in pregnancy and childbirth • The chances of having a healthy baby greatly increases with regular doctor checkups throughout pregnancy

  19. 3 Trimesters • Pregnancy is divided into 3 periods of time • Each is about 3 months long • 1st trimester  0-3 months • 2nd trimester  3-6 months • 3rd trimester  6-9 months

  20. Monitoring Tools • Ultrasound • High-frequency sound waves that produce an image of the fetus • Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) • At 8 weeks, dr. removes part of the placenta to check for abnormalities/disease • Amniocentesis • 14-16 weeks, inserting a needle in the abdomen and uterus to remove amniotic fluid to test for abnormalities

  21. Complications • Ectopic pregnancy • Blastocyst implants in the fallopian tube, not the uterus • Miscarriage • Death of embryo or fetus in first 20 weeks • Preeclampsia • High BP, swelling of wrists & ankles, high levels of protein in urine  prevents fetus from getting O2 • Gestational diabetes • Developing diabetes while pregnant

  22. childbirth

  23. The Birth Process • Labor • Delivery of the baby • Delivery of the afterbirth

  24. Labor • Work performed by the mother’s body to push the fetus out • 2 to 24 hours or longer • Uterus contracts, causing the cervix to increase in width, or dilate • Amniotic sac will break • Cervix becomes softer and wider too allow the fetus to pass through

  25. Delivery of Baby • Actual birth, or delivery of baby • Lasts 30 minutes to more than 2 hours • Baby usually exits head first through vagina • Once the baby is out: • Dr. clamps and cuts the umbilical cord • Baby’s nose & mouth are suctioned to remove mucus and make it easier to breath • Eye drops are given to prevent infection • Injection of vitamin K to prevent excess bleeding from umbilical cord

  26. Delivery of Afterbirth • Though the baby is born, the birth process is not complete • Uterus contractions push out the placenta • 15 to 30 minutes

  27. Complications at Birth • Surgical delivery • Premature birth • Low birth weight • Birth of more than one baby

  28. Surgical Delivery • Sometimes delivery through the cervix and vagina is not possible due to the position of the fetus or the narrowness of the mothers hips • Illness or other conditions that make vaginal delivery dangerous for mother and/or baby

  29. Cesarean Section • Surgical method of birth • Doctor makes an incision in the lower abdomen into the uterus • Then removes the fetus and placenta

  30. Premature Birth • Baby is born before it is fully developed • Before the 37th week of pregnancy • Earlier birth  more problems • Lungs are usually not developed • Receive care in an incubator

  31. Low Birth Weight • Less than 5.5 pounds • May also be premature • May be full-term, just didn’t grow enough before birth • Increased risk of health problems as a newborn, chronic lifelong problems, death

  32. Multiple Births • The delivery of more than one baby • Twins • Triplets • Quadruplets • Carry greater risk to mother and babies

  33. Identical Twins • Develop from single fertilized egg • Embryo divides into 2 identical embryos • Because they divide from identical embryos, they have the same inherited traits and are the same sex

  34. Fraternal Twins • Sometimes 2 eggs are released from the ovary and fertilized by 2 sperm • Fraternal twins are no morealike than any other siblings • May or may not be the same sex

  35. Triplets or More • Less common than twins • Number of cases has dramatically increased in the last 25 years

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