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PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL &

Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL. PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL &. A Centralized Regional Information System for Agricultural Production in India (A Phytomonitoring project Proposal). Phytech Ltd. March 2005.

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PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL &

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  1. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL PHYTOMONITORINGin CROP GROWTH CONTROL& A Centralized Regional Information System for Agricultural Production in India (A Phytomonitoring project Proposal) Phytech Ltd. March 2005

  2. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Topics • Company overview • PHYTOMONITORING: • What is it? • Why Phytomonitoring? • How it works? • How to get a benefit from it? • Case studies • Current application projects

  3. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Company Overview We develop and sell revolutionary crop monitoring solutions that dramatically improve crop sustainability, yield and quality. Our products: • Remote systems for monitoring crop status and growth in the field • Software for system control and data downloading • Proprietary graphics software • Application protocols and Software for decision support in crop growing • Sensors and instruments for horticulture research

  4. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Company Overview • Headquartered in Israel • Established in 1998 by Kibbutz Yad-Mordechai and the parent company was traded in TASE in 2000. • Leading research company in Agricultural Crop Monitoring. • Top class board of directors and international level advisory board. • Sales in more than 30 countries world wide.

  5. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Information and Decision-Support System for Crop Growing Phytomonitoring: What is it? • ADVANTAGES: • Direct, objective monitoring of plants • On-line diagnostics: • Early warnings • Quick feedback

  6. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE DATA ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION Phytomonitoring: What is it? Information and Decision-Support System for Crop Growing

  7. Phytech Ltd. - CROP GROWTH CONTROL Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL More food on less land with half of the water! UN, 1999 UN, 1999 The Problem 1 Why Phytomonitoring?

  8. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Why Phytomonitoring? Increasingwater pollution • Agriculture is the single largest user of freshwater on a global basis. • The high chemicals content in groundwater is mainly from irrigation run-off from agricultural fields where chemical fertilizers have been used indiscriminately. • Experts predict that, because pollution can no longer be remedied by dilution in many countries, freshwater quality will become the principal limitation for sustainable development in these countries . Control of water pollution from agriculture - FAO irrigation and drainage paper 55 The Problem 2

  9. Loss of yield and quality caused by improper application of controllable factors (i.e. irrigation regime) Late response to harmful environmental changes (i.e. air drought) Lack of crop feedback after application of new control regimes Excessive inputs to crop production (i.e. overwatering) Laborious techniques for crop inspection Poor control of actual plant status and growth that reduce capability of quality control and timely production. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Why Phytomonitoring? Sustainability and profitability of crop growing The Problem 3

  10. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Problem Summary Why Phytomonitoring? • Land and water limitations • Increasing pollution due to indiscriminate irrigation • Poorly controllable sustainability and profitability • Lack of information channels about the current crop status. Disconnected character of the existing information sources. The Problem

  11. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Appropriate Needs Why Phytomonitoring? • Tailored soil and crop management to fit the specific conditions found within a plantation or agricultural field (Precision Horticulture). • Precise control of crop water status and growth in order to provide timely and discriminate application of water with fertilizers and other controllable factors • Ability to observe instantly and remotely the current crop status as well as its recent trend • A single computerized information channel, which replace a variety of disconnected information sources about the current crop status and growth. • Reliable and low maintainable sensors and systems for assessing crop physiological status remotely

  12. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL The Solution Why Phytomonitoring? PhyTech has developed and manufactured proven solutions addressing all four needs mentioned

  13. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? • INSTRUMENTATION (sensors, systems and software) provides recording of plant characteristics and environment • APPLICATION TECHNIQUES utilize the recorded data as follows: • As inputs for Decision-making procedures • For early Warning on plant stress • For Adjustment of control regimes in trial-and-error mode

  14. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works?

  15. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Hardware • Plant sensors • Fruit growth • Stem growth • Stem diameter • Sap flow rate • Leaf temperature • Environmental • Solar radiation • Air temperature • Air humidity • Wind speed • Soil moisture The Solution

  16. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Graphics Software • Multi-axis charts • Shows both measured and derived calculated variables • Presents both instant and daily average values • Has a tool for generating reports and alarms • Includes a tool for data filtering and threshold analysis

  17. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Leaf Temperature Sensor SPECIFICATIONS: Measurement Range: 5-50 °C typical Instrumental accuracy: ± 0.2 °C Stability: ± 0.5 °C over 1 year period Calibration chart: individual, non-linear. • Designed for monitoring absolute temperature of leaves • Has minimal effect on leaf temperature • Effective to compare with the air temperature and/or dew point temperature 17

  18. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Leaf Temperature Sensor An example of diurnal monitoring of air (red) , soil (black), leaf (green) and flower bud (blue) temperatures in greenhouse roses 18

  19. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Sap Flow Sensor SPECIFICATIONS: Measurement Range:Not specified. Approximate range of 3 ml/h was determined with the use of stem simulator (5 mm diameter fiber filled PVC hose) Stem diameter: 1 to 5 mm for SF-4M 4 to10 mm for SF-5M Heating Power: 30 mW typical • The SF-4 and SF-5 sensors enable to monitor diurnal variations of sap flow rate in a leaf petiole or a small stem • Effective to compare with air VPD 19

  20. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Sap Flow Sensor A typical record of sap flow rate: a top leaf demonstrated midday reduction of sap flow in result of stomatal response while the lower one had no signs of water deficit. . 20

  21. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Stem Microvariation Sensors SPECIFICATIONS: Linear Measurement Range: 0-5 mm or 0-10 mm Diameter Adjustment Range:4 to 25 mm for SD-520 to 70 mm for SD-6Unlimited for DE-1 Resolution : 2-3 micron • Enable monitoring of stem diameter variations in micron range caused by fluctuations of plant water content and growth.

  22. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Stem Microvariation Sensors IMPORTANT FACTS - Active tissues have major contribution to diurnal variations of stem diameter - That is why the maximum daily shrinkage is almost the same for trunk, arm, shoot and leaf petiole - Actual water loss is much greater than apparent shrinkage volume - PITH XYLEM CAMBIUM PHLOEM ACTIVE TISSUE 22

  23. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL GRAPEVINE How it works? Stem Microvariation Sensors  Indices of plant status        - trend pattern  - trend deviation  - daily contraction amplitude  - daily increment  - depression of daily maximum  - nighttime pattern

  24. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? Fruit Growth Sensors SPECIFICATIONS: Linear Measurement Range: FI-XS (Extra Small Fruit): 3-30 mmFI-S (Small Fruit): 7-30 or 7-45 mmFI-M (Medium Fruit): 15-70 or 15-90 mmFI-L (Large Fruit) : 30-100 or 30-160 mm Resolution 0.1 % FS • The enhanced parallelogram design of the clip provides stable and firm positioning of a fruit under study 24

  25. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL TOMATO Deficit irrigation Full irrigation 50.4 50.3 50.2 Fruit Diameter, mm 50.1 50.0 How it works? Fruit Growth Sensors Growth rate (trend), Trend deviation Growth acceleration Growth rate

  26. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Leaf CO2 exchange rate (μmolCO2/m²s) Solar radiation(either W/m² or μmol/m²s) Leaf transpiration rate (mgH2O/m²s) Air temperature (°C) Air humidity (%RH) CO2 concentration in the air(ppm) Soil moisture Leaf temperature Absolute air humidity (g/m³) Sap flow rate Atmospheric pressure (mbar) Stem diameter Fruit growth Auxanometer How it works? PTM-48M Photosynthesis Monitor

  27. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? PTM-48M Photosynthesis Monitor The LC-4B enhanced pneumatically powered self-clamping leaf chamber INSTALLATION QUEUING CHAMBER WORKING CHAMBER 27

  28. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? PTM-48M Photosynthesis Monitor 1 Photosynthesis of different tomato leaves Greenhouse Tomato 2 3 2 m 4 Differentiation of Photosynthesis in the canopy 28

  29. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How it works? PTM-48M Photosynthesis Monitor Photosynthesis and Stomatal control Cotton Limited water stress: low effect on photosynthesis and high on transpiration 29

  30. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL 0.3..3 s/cm Boundary Layer Guard cell Epidermal cell Stoma 0.8..2 s/cm CO2 O2 H2O Air chamber Chloroplasts PHOTOSYNTHESIS (PTM-48) TRANSPIRATION (PTM-48) STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE(Sap flow or LATD vs. VPD) WATER CONTENT (STEM DIAMETER) How it works? CO2 H2O CO2 and H2O pathways in the leaf Rb Rb Rs Rs Response to developing water stress Rc 30

  31. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL sample plants crop yield Remote Decision support (in formal decision-making procedures) Trial-and-errortesting of new regimes or treatments Detecting physiological disorders Stress! How it works? • REMOTE DECISION SUPPORT • Measurable information for decision-making algorithms (either formal or human-aided) • WARNINGS • Warning a grower in case of physiological disorder • helps to reduce crop damage and loss caused by abiotic stress • INTERACTIVE PHYTOMONITORING • comparative interactive examination of different regimes, treatments and materials The Solution

  32. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How to get a benefit from it?

  33. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How to get a benefit from it?

  34. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL How to get a benefit from it?

  35. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Table Grapes Vines of three varieties were examined since 2002 in Lachish area of Israel: Superior (3 vineyards), Thompson (8 vineyards) and Zani (2 vineyards). The study is carried out in cooperation with Extension Service • The main purpose was to develop phytomonitoring-based decision-making procedures for the following technological tasks: • When to begin irrigation season, • Determination of proper irrigation rate, • Determination of proper irrigation interval, • Determination of better time for watering, • Timely revealing eventual plants physiological disorder • Evaluation of plant response to trial changes of irrigation regime in process of decision-making.

  36. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Table Grapes • Three formal application protocols have been developed for realizing a non-stress strategy during three characteristic periods of vine development: • Period 2 – control based on trunk diameter growth rate • Period 3 – control based on fruit growth ratePeriod 4 – control based on maximum daily shrinkage of trunk

  37. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Table Grapes • Illustration to the Protocol #1: • The trunk diameter growth rate declined during June 11-12. Since June 13, the irrigation rate was increased by 20% and followed by increased growth rate of trunk.

  38. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Table Grapes • Illustration to the Protocol #2: • The fruit diameter growth rate declined during July 11-12. Since July 13, the irrigation rate was increased by 20% and followed by increased growth rate of the fruit.

  39. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Table Grapes • Illustration to the Protocol #3: • The maximum daily shrinkage exceeded the threshold of 0.1 mm on July 24. Since July 25, the irrigation rate was increased by 20% with positive results.

  40. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Air dryness at night caused developing soil water deficit Mild air conditions,good irrigation CASE STUDIES Onion daily growth vs. irrigation and VPDBeit Shean valley, 2004 Onion

  41. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL • - Daytime growth rate • - Nighttime growth rate CASE STUDIES Onion daily growth : day and nightBeit Shean valley, 2004 Onion • The bulb growth rate is changing during the day. Usually, the growth rate is higher at nighttime. • At nighttime, the growth rate is significantly affected by VPD rather than by irrigation interval. • At daytime, the growth rate depends, to a greater extent, on irrigation interval. • Thus, the growth rate is more controllable at daytime by irrigation scheduling.

  42. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL TRUNK FRUIT SOIL MOISTURE SOIL MOISTURE VPD VPD Both trunk and fruit of Citrus trees are very sensitive to water deficit. Developing water deficit was detected since June 12 by retardation of both trunk and fruit growth. Irrigation of June 15 (indicated by blue arrow) brought a considerable relief to the plants CASE STUDIES Citrus: Pomelit

  43. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Kibbutz Gat 2001 2003 CASE STUDIES Citrus: Pomelit Acceleration of the fruit growth rate due to resuming normal irrigation rate Substantial inhibition of fruit growth rate, caused by temporary shortage of irrigation water source Due to adjustment of irrigation regime made on the basis of phytomonitoring records, the yield increased from 5.5 t/ha in 2001 to 6.2 t/ha in 2002 and to 7 t/ha in 2003.

  44. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Post-veraison RDI CASE STUDIES Wine Grapes – RDI

  45. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Wine Grapes – RDI

  46. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Chardonnay, Odem Merlot XXXX CASE STUDIES Wine Grapes – RDI

  47. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Other case studies with registered practical results

  48. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Other case studies with registered practical results

  49. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL CASE STUDIES Other case studies with registered practical results • Jordan Valley – app. 40 Users for Avocado. • Cover 6,000 Dunam of plantation. • Cost using PhyTech and involving consultant app. 250$ per ha. • Yield increase in 2004 – app. 35% (resp. to other locations) – app. 6000$ per ha. • As a result of using the system and continuing agronomic support – -potential net revenue from increased yield – app. 6000$/ha. - improvement of quality (for export).

  50. Phytech Ltd. – PHYTOMONITORING in CROP GROWTH CONTROL Current Model Application Projects Carrying out in cooperation with the Extension Service • Avocado (Israel, over 40 growers) • Mango (Israel, over 20 growers) • Litchi (Israel, over 20 growers) • Persimmon (Israel) • Table grapes (Lachish area) • Wine grapes (6 vineyards in cooperation with Golan Height Winery) • Cotton, olives, citrus, vegetables, etc. (multiple fields in Israel Valley, in cooperation with the local agricultural community) • Greenhouse vegetables (The Netherlands, over 70 growers) • Avocado (Chile, in cooperation with the Santiago Catholic University) • Etc.

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