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Myers chapter 1 (B): Non-Experimental Research Designs

Myers chapter 1 (B): Non-Experimental Research Designs. A.P. Psychology. Do-Now (In Journal). Think of a psychological phenomenon that you would be interested to research (a behavior, habit, disorder, etc.) Briefly describe how you could hypothetically carry out your research.

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Myers chapter 1 (B): Non-Experimental Research Designs

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  1. Myers chapter 1 (B):Non-Experimental Research Designs A.P. Psychology

  2. Do-Now(In Journal) • Think of a psychological phenomenon that you would be interested to research (a behavior, habit, disorder, etc.) • Briefly describe how you could hypothetically carry out your research

  3. Pre-Research Decisions • Population: • All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn • E.g. The entire CHS student body (2,000 students) • Sample: • Small group of participants, out of a total population, that a researcher studies • Representative vs. Non-representative • E.g. 200 CHS students

  4. Pre-Research Decisions What might a representative sample of CHS studentslook like? How could we effectively get a representative sampleof CHS students?

  5. Pre-Research Decisions • Random Sample: • A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

  6. Non-ExperimentalResearch Designs • Naturalistic Observation: • Observation of subject(s) in a natural setting without manipulating or controlling the situation (e.g. watching teenagers in a mall) • Case Study: • Intensive investigation of participant(s) (e.g. long-term interviews, living with participants, journals, video blogs) • Survey: • Information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions (e.g. questionnaire on self-reported attitudes or behaviors)

  7. Non-ExperimentalResearch Designs • Longitudinal Study: • Studying a group of participants over a number of years (e.g. following a group of high school freshmen throughout their high school career) • Cross-Sectional Study: • Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age (e.g. studying a group of freshmen and seniors)

  8. Non-ExperimentalResearch Designs • Think of an example in which each of the following research designs would be most effective: • Naturalistic Observation • Case Study • Survey • Longitudinal Study • Cross-Sectional Study

  9. Correlation • Correlation: • A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together (and how well one factor predicts the other) • Does not demonstrate causation • Can be positive or negative • Can be illusory (appears to be relationship where none exists) • Measured with scatterplots • Measured by a correlation coefficient “r” (-1 to +1)

  10. Correlation What naturally-existing correlations can you think of?

  11. Correlation • Positive Correlation: • Direct relationship • Both factors increase together; Bothfactors decrease together • E.g. Amount of sleep and GPA • Right: Perfect Positive Correlation (r=+1.00)

  12. Height and Temperament in Men r=+0.63

  13. Correlation • Negative Correlation: • Inverse relationship • One factor increases, while the other decreases • E.g. Physical exercise and fat content • Right: Perfect Negative Correlation (r=-1.00)

  14. Correlation • What do you think a scatterplot would look like for two factors that are not correlated? • What would its correlation coefficientbe? • r=0.00

  15. Correlation ≠ Causation

  16. Review • What is the difference between a population and a sample? • How could one effectively create a representative sample? • What is the difference between a positive and negative correlation? • What are some implications of a correlation?

  17. Homework • Research Study Response #40: “Obey At Any Cost?” (Pgs. 308-317)

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