JUSTICES OF THE PEACE

These were not paid for their service, they volunteered. Chief local government officers, appointed by the King. JPs volunteered to do this service to gain the respect of the King. Given the power to act without a jury except for cases with a death sentence. Responsible for maintenance of bridges and licencing taverns. JUSTICES OF THE PEACE Supervised Parish Constables. Not focused on tackling crime, just keeping general order of different areas of country. Once every three months, all JPS in a county met at Quarter Sessions where serious court cases were dealt with. Tudor policing

They supervised the watchmen and had responsibility for carrying out warrants for arrest issued by the JPs. Like the 'Special' of today, the Parish Constable was unpaid except for some expenses. • Could arrest people for crimes, petty or serious, including vagrants and the ‘idle and disorderly’. • They gave the name of repeat offenders to JPs. Many people resented the Parish Constables at a time when punishments were harsh for petty crimes. Parish Constables Enquired into offences, served summonses, executed warrants, took charge of prisoners and prosecuted them • Generally only enforced the law in response to complaints from victims or warrants issued by JPs. • Like watchmen, many preferred not to do the job, so would take a fine or hire someone to do it in their place. 4 out of every 10 were hired. Tudor policing

Duties were unpleasant and unpaid, alongside their regular job. • More about preventing crime by their presence rather than detecting it (methods not up to scratch). • Watchmen usually stood on towers located around the town or city looking out for signs of crime. Their duties also included calling out the hour at night. • Many took to playing instruments during their long, and often boring shifts. WATCHMEN During the day they would communicate with hand signals or flags. At night they would use loud instruments such as horns. • Examined suspicious people and apprehended offenders and brought them to the watchhouse. • Armed with a staff, no match for violent criminals. Tudor policing

X X X X X X X X X Tudor policing

Introduced by Henry Fielding in 1750. Introduced as crime was increasing, as was population. Industrial policing Carried pistol, cutlass, tip staff, and handcuffs. Originally 6 members, by 1800 there were 68. • Bow Street Horse Patrol set up by John Fielding. These succeeded in ridding their area of highway robbery. Bow Street Runners • Were paid. Published newspaper ‘hue and Cry’. • Within two years broke up most gangs of street thieves operating in their area. • Why were they introduced? • Development of huge new towns and cities meant that methods which were acceptable in Tudor period no longer worked. • Perceived increase in crime. • Perceived corruption in government.

Before BSR… • Charlies and constables ineffective, drunk, corrupt. • No real focus on catching criminals just preserving ‘order’. • BSR were different because… • Specifically chosen men. • Reasonably well equipped. • Sole focus was chasing down criminals, and it worked! • Managed to get rid of HR and street gangs from their areas. • Because of the BSR… • Peel took note and the government took responsibility for policing with the creation of the MET in 1829. • The foundations of policing as we understanding it today were laid. Turning point

Metropolitan Police Force Introduced by Sir Robert in 1829. Peel had seen the success of the Bow Street Runners. Peel believed that the government had a responsibility to its people. • Key points • All London's police were the responsibility of one authority, under the direction of the Home Secretary, with headquarters at Scotland Yard. • 1,000 men were recruited to supplement the existing 400 police. • Being a policeman became a full-time occupation with weekly pay of 16/- and a uniform. • Recruits were carefully selected and trained by the Commissioners. • Police were responsible only for the detection and prevention of crime. • Successes • Decline in crime in London after the introduction of the police, but by no means irradicated. • First paid nationally organised police force. • Succeeded in spreading across UK. • Limitations • No training or real specialisation. • Limited to ‘thief catching’ rather than real detective work due to technological constraints.

Development/Extension of the Metropolitan Police (19th Century). How and when? • The first policemen, known as 'Peelers' or 'Bobbies', were set up in London in 1829 by Robert Peel, the then Home Secretary, after 'The Metropolitan Police Act' of 1829. It was the start of a campaign to improve public law. Reform, however, was slow as there was distrust of the police at all levels. • By September of 1829, the first Metropolitan Police were patrolling the streets of London. There were 17 divisions, which had 4 inspectors and 144 constables each. The force headquarters was Scotland Yard, and it answered to the Home Secretary. The 'Peelers' wore a long blue coats and strengthened tall hats, which protected them from blows to the head and they could use to stand on to look over walls. Their only weapon was a truncheon although they also carried a rattle to raise an alarm. At first the quality of officers was poor. Of the first 2,800 new policemen, only 600 eventually kept their jobs. The first policeman ever (who was given the number 1), was sacked after only four hours, for drunkenness. Things eventually settled down. • The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, allowed Borough Councils to organise a police force but few of them seemed eager to implement the law. By 1837, only 93 out of 171 boroughs had organised a police force. • The Rural Constabulary Act of 1839, allowed any of the 54 English Counties to raise and equip a paid police force. The Act permitted JPs to appoint Chief Constables, for the direction of the police in their areas and allowed for one policeman per 1,000 population. This was still optional but saw the development of the first constabularies. It also encouraged some boroughs to hastily form their own police forces, to avoid the high expense of being involved with county forces. The Act still did not meet the Report's demands for a national police force, with the Metropolitan Police as the controlling power. • The 1856 Police Act saw a system for government inspection, audit and regulation for the first time. This County Borough Police Act now forced the whole of the country to set up police forces. The law: • Forced the counties to organise police forces, under government control • Devised a system of police inspection already in use in factories, workhouses and education • Made money available based on efficiency • Shifted the emphasis from the prevention of crime to its detection. • This act saw the start of the Modern Police Service. 239 forces were set up, still with great variations in pay and conditions; only half of them were found to be efficient. In 1869, the National Criminal Record was set up, which made use of the new, rapid telegraph communications between forces and in 1877 Criminal Investigations Department (CID) was formed with 200 detectives; 600 more were added in 1883. What happened to the Police? Law Change Law Change Law Change Evolution

DEVELOPMENTS IN POLICING MODERN Use of better technology to help specialise police force, more expansion and training to ensure that police force is more effective in both crime prevention and catching criminals. New technology (finger printing, computers, training) Women in police. Development of better specialisation. (fraud squads, Forensics, community relations. Issues facing police. (pressures of red tape, use of weapons, more organised crime. HOW EFFECTIVE WAS IT? Developments were a reaction to increase in crime and developments in crime. Specialisation and use of technology makes policing much more effective but crime is continually evolving and adapting meaning that police have to be ready to develop to new threats.

How did the introduction of women make policing more effective? • Initially, limited utility. Their role was similar to that of a social worker. • Good for dealing with vulnerable/female victims of crime. • Role becomes more varied and similar to that of a policeman in second half of twentieth century. Women and the Police • Key developments • Women Police Volunteer Service created in 1914, voluntary and to help police, but only tackled issues involving women such as prostitution. • The first British policewomen wore skirts and long tunic tops, which made it difficult for them to chase criminals. • From 1923 - 30, women police were given limited powers of arrest. • 1930 - 69, A4 Branch (Women Police) was established under a female Superintendent. • In 1969 the Women's Branch was dissolved in anticipation of the Equal Pay Act, although women police were still treated as a separate section of the service. • It was not until 1973 that Women Police were integrated directly into the main force.

How did the development of specialisation make policing more effective? • Makes policing significantly more effective as training/experience is developed in tackling crime. • However, as policing has become more specialised, so has crime! Specialisation/training • Key developments • By the mid-twentieth century, the types of crime had become so varied that policing had to become more specialised. • Policing was developing so that fraudsters and terrorists could be tracked down by specialist police officers. • From 1945, police work had become so varied that specialisation had to be introduced. National squads were introduced to deal with fraud, from 1946, and to deal with the threat of IRA terrorism from 1971. • National squads could share information more effectively than regional groups. Development had been necessary to meet the challenges of an ever-increasing range of crimes and to keep society safe. • In 1907 the Peel house Police Training College was formed. In 1947 the National Police College began. • These training centres are essential in creating an effective and specialized police force.

How did the development of technology make policing more effective? • PNC/Forensics allows for cataloguing of criminals with national access. • Some technology such as CCTV actually prevents crime as well as helping to catch criminals. • However, as policing has become more tech savy, so has crime! Technology • Key developments • The police improved their communication through the use of technology: • the telephone in 1901, radio in 1910 (and later two-way radio), the Police National Computer and closed-circuit TV from the 1980s. • Technology also speeded-up the police’s ability to track criminals more quickly as they used pursuit cars which were increasingly sophisticated with more technology on board, including Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) today. • The use of heat-seeking equipment on helicopters has also been an effective technological aid for the police. • Use of forensic science such as National DNA database, Nation Fingerprint and DNA database make it easier to track and catch criminals.

How did the development of technology make policing more effective? • The police have improved their ability to combat crime by making use of developments in transport. • Allows for faster response time to crimes and increased chance of catching criminals. • However, cars and the like have also led to developments in crime! Transport! • Key developments • Transport developments were adapted effectively in the c20th: bicycles in 1909; motorboats in 1910, covering 45 miles of the River Thames; cars in 1919; motorbikes in the 1930s; and helicopters in the 1970s. • From the 1970s, the use of the car had such an impact that the police changed their methods of working by replacing the ‘bobby on the beat’ with rapid response teams which could be quickly called to the scene of a crime.

How important was the use of technology in helping police to combat crime in the twentieth century? [8] • IF YOU GET A ‘HOW IMPORTANT’ QUESTION IT IS LOOKING FOR THE FOLLOWING: • What developments has it led to? • How have these helped? • How important was this event/development. Developments such as those in communications, have been very useful to police. Developments such as the radio in 1910 and later the two way radio allowed police to… The increased use of computers allowed for the creation of the Police National Computer which… Better technology has been very important, as although better technology has also led to developments in crime it has allowed the police to prevent crime as well as catch those responsible.

How important have developments in transport been in helping police to combat crime in the twentieth century? [8] • IF YOU GET A ‘HOW IMPORTANT’ QUESTION IT IS LOOKING FOR THE FOLLOWING: • What developments has it led to? • How have these helped? • How important was this event/development. Developments such as the introduction of ‘flying squads’ in 1919 allowed the police to respond much quicker to crimes and incidents... From the 1970s the use of the police car had become so effective that they began to replace the traditional ‘bobby on the beat’/ By the 1960s the introduction of police helicopters also gave them a fresh advantage because... Whilst developments in transport have assisted the police greatly they have also benefitted criminals and led to further challenges for the police such as car theft, vandalism and cloning.

Have methods of combating crime always been successful from Tudor times to the present day? (10) Methods of combating crime in the Tudor period were quite ineffective. The reliance on JPs, watchmen and Parish Constables meant… These Tudor methods proved even more ineffective in the Industrial period which led to great leaps forward in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries such as… In the twentieth century there were even greater steps forward largely due to developments in technology… In my opinion, methods have not always been successful especially during the ____ period because…

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE