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Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels

Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels. Carbon dioxide levels are rising Seasonal fluctuations due to plants Long term trend due to clearing of land and consumption of fossil fuels. Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Production. United states produces more CO 2 per capita than almost any other country

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Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels

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  1. Rising Carbon Dioxide Levels • Carbon dioxide levels are rising • Seasonal fluctuations due to plants • Long term trend due to clearing of land and consumption of fossil fuels

  2. Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Production • United states produces more CO2 per capita than almost any other country • And it is currently rising • We are doing almost nothing to curb emissions • Many countries have lower CO2 production but higher standards of living

  3. Trends in Greenhouse Gasses • Developing nations rapidly increasing • China is now number one

  4. Carbon Dioxide and Temperature • High CO2 levels apparently correspond to hot periods

  5. Temperatures Are Rising

  6. The Moon How We Know What We Know The Outside • Telescopes • Numerous Robotic Missions • Apollo • Moon Rocks The Inside • Mass/gravity • Mini moonquakes • Tiny magnetic field

  7. Currentand Future Lunar Missions Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Chandrayaan-2 Chang’e 4 Artemis Beresheet

  8. Chang’e 4 Image

  9. Apollo Manned Missions

  10. Apollo Manned Missions

  11. Lunar Samples – from Apollo

  12. Moon – Basic Facts • ¼ the size of Earth • 1/81 the mass of Earth • Lower density • No atmosphere • Rotates once per month Q. 32: Temperature of Moon vs. Earth

  13. Moon – Temperature • Moon has no atmosphere • Heat isn’t transported from hot to cold areas • Heat isn’t stored in atmosphere • Two weeks of “day” followed by two weeks of “night” • Temperatures are much more extreme • 100 K to 390 K at the equator • As low as 35 K in the bottoms of craters at poles • The moon has no weather, with no atmosphere

  14. Craters

  15. Craters

  16. Full Lunar Map • Most of it heavily cratered • Dark regions less cratered

  17. Moon: Terrain Types Maria • Dark • Dense Rocks • Few Craters • 3 – 4 billion years old Highlands • Brighter • Lighter Rocks • More Craters • 4 – 4.5 billion years old

  18. Highland vs. Maria

  19. Geologicic Activity? • Ancient collapsed lava tube? • Apparently currently geologically dead • Moon smaller, cooled faster • Probably almost all frozen

  20. History of the Moon • Formed 4.5 Gyr ago • Heavy bombardment • Dark magma fills largest craters • Ongoing bombardment but slower

  21. Moon - Composition • Crust – light rocks • Not uniform in thickness • No one knows why • Mantle – heavy rocks • By far the bulk • Core –metal • Very small • Overall – similar to Earth • But very little metals

  22. Moon – Giant Impact Theory • Large body slammed into early Earth • Moon formed from outer layers of Earth • Same composition, no metals

  23. Ice on the Moon! Clementine Spacecraft LCROSS • Permanently shadowed craters near poles • Ice could be used for survival on a moon base • Chang’e-6 spacecraft will bring back samples Aitiken Crater

  24. Mercury Images True color

  25. How We Know What We Know • Mariner 10 • Three flybys, 1974-1975 • MESSENGER • Three flybys, 2008-2009 • In orbit until April 30, 2015

  26. Mercury – Basic Facts • Size – 1.4  Moon radius • smallest planet • Mass – 4  Moon • Much higher density! • Orbit: • 0.467 AU, rather elliptical • Mercury year = 88 Earth Days • Rotation: • Once every 59 Earth Days • 1 Mercury day = 2 Mercury years! • Atmosphere – effectively none Moon Mercury Q. 34: Temperature of Mercury

  27. Mercury – Atmosphere and Temperature • Slow rotation + no atmosphere = extreme temperatures • Varies from 80 K to 700 K • Most extreme temperatures in solar system • Atmosphere • Close to Sun causes some parts to be high temperature • Smallest mass means least gravity • High temperature + low gravity  no atmosphere

  28. Mercury – Composition • Second highest density, behind Earth • Earth’s large gravity compresses our dense core • Magnetic field – weak but present • Mercury must have large metal core • Smaller size – it probably cooled faster than Earth • But core is probably molten • Probably due to tidal heating from Sun • Why such a large core? • Best guess – collision removed mantle early in history

  29. Mercury – Surface Features • All of Mercury’s surface has been mapped

  30. Mercury – Surface Features • Heavily Cratered Surface • But not as heavily as the Moon • Suggests something has subsequentlyerased craters • Flat plains between craters • Caloris Impact Basin • A giant crater, from early on • Chaotic Terrain • Antipodal to Caloris • Strong evidence for volcanism • Probably now geologically dead • Scarps – Cliffs several km tall

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