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Frank Linde Nikhef & UvA +31-205925001 f.linde@nikhef.nl

Elementary Particle Physics. Microcosmos. The Wild W orld of Subatomic P articles The Story of the Higgs The Mystery of Dark Matter Particle P hysics and You!. Frank Linde Nikhef & UvA +31-205925001 f.linde@nikhef.nl. Dark ages. Long ago …. Empedocles. Air Water Fire Earth.

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Frank Linde Nikhef & UvA +31-205925001 f.linde@nikhef.nl

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  1. Elementary Particle Physics Microcosmos • The Wild World of Subatomic Particles • The Story of the Higgs • The Mystery of Dark Matter • Particle Physics and You! Frank Linde Nikhef & UvA +31-205925001 f.linde@nikhef.nl

  2. Dark ages

  3. Long ago … Empedocles Air Water Fire Earth Plato Aristoteles Leucippus Democritus Atoms

  4. Lead Gold 0 100 200 300 400 800 500 700 900 600 1900 1600 1700 1800 2000 1300 1400 1500 1200 1000 1100 Alchemy

  5. Water electrolysis

  6. NA atoms = 1 Mole 22.4 liters How large? 30-3001012 meters How heavy? 2-4501025 kilograms How many? 31023/gram hydrogen Number of atoms per volume independent of atom type! (Avogadro) gas Atoms NA = 6.0221420  1023/Mol

  7. Periodic Table of Elements Het Periodiek Systeem nummering: kernlading Nobel gasses Not part of the original Mendeleev periodic table

  8. The atom

  9. Thomson 1897

  10. e/m = 1.761011 C/kg Thomson 1897

  11. qe = 1.60217646  1019 C me = 9.1093819  1031 kg Millikan 1900

  12. electron

  13. Atoms: Rutherford’s view

  14. 1897 electron Thomson 1911 nucleus Rutherford 1911 proton Rutherford 1932 neutron Chadwick Elementary particles (1932): Electron, Proton & Neutron

  15. Physics just before 1900 ??????? all ok ??????? • No: few “minor” problems: • “black body” radiation • no eather? • natural radioactivity (Curie et al.) • stability of the Rutherford atom Done?

  16. I. Special relativity 1905

  17. Intermezzo: Einstein & relativity Time travel becomes a reality!

  18. 2L c t = L ‘click’ of the light clock at rest: t ‘hence-and-forward’ light flash period t: c=299792458 m/s (exact) observer at rest

  19. c=299792458 m/s (exact) v [m/s] L t’ == t 1v2/c2 2L c2v2 ½vt’ 2L2+(½vt’)2 c vt’ t’ = ‘hence-and-forward’ light flash period: t’ ‘click’ of the moving light clock: t’ (ct’)2 = 4L2+(vt’)2 t Moving clock ‘clicks’ slower! observer moving with velocity v

  20. II. Quantum world 1900-19

  21. Imagination

  22. Planck 1900 Einstein 1905 Compton 1922 Planck (1858-1947) Einstein (1879-1955) Compton (1892-1962) Light: quantum effects

  23. I.Black body radiation Planck 1900

  24. Stacking waves! Fit ½, 1, 1½, 2, etc. wavelengths in box such that amplitude=0 on walls L =2L =1L =½L Easier to fit short wavelengths!

  25. Light wave's energy: classical E continuous! energy |amplitude|2

  26. ultra-violet catastroph Radiated energy spectrum: classical energy density 0 m 0,5 m wavelength ()

  27. Light wave's energy: quantum Planck’s constant h = 6.62606881034 J/s E = Nhf E discrete! energy E = 5hf E = 4hf # quanta N E = 3hf E = 2hf E = hf

  28. ultra-violet catastroph Radiated energy spectrum: quantum energy density 0 m 0,5 m wavelength ()

  29. Color the sun T=5,000 oC T=2,500 oC T=7,500 oC T=10,000 oC T=12,500 oC T=15,000 oC

  30. Universe as black body radiator T  2.725 K  270.5 oC

  31. Big Bang’s afterglow on your TV

  32. knocked out electrons incident light wavelength  (frequency f) slab of material II.Photo electric effect Einstein 1905

  33. scattered light wavelength ’ incident light wavelength  scattered electron III.Compton effect Compton 1922

  34. Duality: wave & particle characteristics It is safe to say that nobody understands quantum mechanics. R.P. Feynman

  35. Quantum mechanics is magic.Daniel Greenberger. Everything we call real is made of things that cannot be regarded as real.Niels Bohr. Those who are not shocked when they first come across quantum theory cannot possibly have understood it. Niels Bohr. If you are not confused by quantum mechanics, you do not understand it. John Wheeler. If quantum theory is correct, it signifies the end of physics as a science.Albert Einstein. I do not like quantum mechanics; I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it. Erwin Schrödinger. more quotes

  36. Bohr 1910 Schrödinger 1927 Heisenberg 1925 Bohr (1885-1962) Schrödinger (1887-1961) Heisenberg (1901-1976) Atom: quantum effects

  37. 4 n = 5 3 2 1 n=3 n=2 n=1 Balmer serie Bohr’s atom model

  38. 0.0 Paschen 3 1.5 Balmer 2 3.4 quantum number (n) binding energy (eV) Lyman 1 13.6 eV

  39. Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle /2 4 t large microscope microscope light t small t [s] t [s] light f large f small f [1/s] electron electron f [1/s]

  40. Schrödinger’s wave equation n=1 1H ground state

  41. n=1 n=2 n=3 “s” states

  42. “p” & “d” states

  43. Uhlenbeck & Goudsmit 1925 Pauli 1925 Lorentz & Zeeman 1896 (1900-1958) (1887-1961) (1887-1961) (1901-1976) (1885-1962) Amsterdam Leiden Leiden Leiden Electron: quantum details

  44. N N Z Z Stern Gerlach Zeeman

  45. Electron spin! Uhlenbeck Goudsmit

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