By. Mrs Mary Varghese II M.Sc. Nursing D.S.C.N Bangalore-78

1. WELCOME By. Mrs Mary Varghese II M.Sc. Nursing D.S.C.N Bangalore-78 STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME

2. Scholastic disorder

3. What is a Scholastic disorder • ‘Scholastic disorder’ is an umbrella term covering many different intellectual disabilities.

4. Sometimes a scholastic disorder is called a learning difficulty, intellectual impairment or intellectual disability.

5. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN

6. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BRAIN Nervous system is grouped as • Central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system consisting of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

7. Parts of Brain. Comprises of three parts • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Spinal cord Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

8. Functions of the cerebrum • Mental activities involved in memory, intelligence, sense of responsibility, thinking, reasoning, moral sense and learning • Sensory perception including the perception of pain, temperature, touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell • Initiation and control of skeletal (voluntary) muscle contraction

9. Functional Areas of Brain • Pre-motor area • Motor area • Sensory area • Sensory speech area • Visual area • Auditory area • Taste area • Motor speech area

10. INCIDENCE OF SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS

11. DEFINITION “A significant impairment in the acquisition and use of the academic skillsof reading, writing, spelling and arithmetic; in the background of the child having normal or above – normal intelligence.”

12. BRIDGE OF BROKEN ACADEMIC SKILL IN SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS

13. CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS • Heredity • Problems during pregnancy and birth • Anomalies in the developing brain • Illness or injury • Fetal exposure to alcohol or drugs • Low birth weight • Oxygen deprivation • Premature or prolonged labour

14. CAUSES CONT…. 3. Complications during pregnancy or delivery 4. Potential postnatal factors • Environmental toxins (e.g, lead, pesticides) • Central nervous system infections • Head injuries • Cancers and their treatments • Malnutrition • Severe social isolation • Deprivation

15. CAUSES CONT… 5. Neonatal problems • Low birth weight • Severe jaundice 6. Poverty 7. Language or educational deprivation

16. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS • Impaired ability to recognize words • Delays in speech • Slow learning of new words • Difficulty in rhyming words, as in nursery rhymes • Letter reversal or mirror writing (for example, "Я" instead of "R") • Poor comprehension

18. Early primary school children • Difficulty learning the alphabet or letters order • Difficulty with associating sounds with the letters that represent them • Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words • Difficulty segmenting words into individual sounds, or blending sounds to make words • Difficulty learning to decode written words

19. Older primary school children • Slow or inaccurate reading • Difficulty reading out loud, reading words in the wrong order, skipping words • Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings • Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time when doing a certain task

20. DYSCALCULIA • Dyscalculia or math disability is a specific SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS or Difficulty involving innate in learning or comprehending mathematics.

21. TREATMENT AND INTERVENTIONS • Educational Interventions • Medical, behavioral, and psychological therapy • Occasionally drug therapy(e.g., stimulants, such as methylphenidate and several amphetamine preparations) • Interventions

22. Interventions include: • Mastery model • Direct instruction • Classroom adjustments • Classroom assistants • Special education

23. Points to Remember • The learning problems of children who are quiet and polite in school may go unnoticed. • SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS cannot be cured or fixed; it is a lifelong issue. It is important to remember that a person with SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS can learn.

24. With the right support and intervention children with SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS can succeed in school and go on to successful, often distinguished careers later in life. • Parents can help children with SCHOLASTIC DISORDERS achieve such success by encouraging their strengths, knowing their weaknesses, understanding the educational system, working with professionals and learning about their strategies for dealing with specific difficulties.

26. SUMMARY • Though there is no known cause of learning disabilities, there are many techniques and strategies that teachers can use to help students identified with learning disabilities acquire knowledge and skills and to experience success.

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